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Abkhaz language

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Genealogy

Caucasian → Northwest Caucasian → Abazgi

Geography

Main country: Russian Federation (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Two [A‑1‑1]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close and open [A‑2‑1]
[A‑3] Degrees of vowel backness Central and back [A‑3‑3]
[A‑5] Vowel opposition in labialization No vowel opposition in labialization [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6] Vowel opposition in nasalization No vowel opposition in nasalization [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8] Vowel opposition in ATR No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑8‑1]
[A‑9] Diphthongs and triphthongs Only diphthongs present [A‑9‑2]
[A‑11] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Ejectives present [A‑11‑3]
[A‑12] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, fricatives and affricates [A‑12‑3]
[A‑13] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and postuvular [A‑13‑2]
[A‑14] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑14‑2]
[A‑15] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Dental and alveolar [A‑15‑6]
[A‑16] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar, uvular and labiovelar [A‑16‑6]
[A‑17] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Both pharyngeal and glottal [A‑17‑3]
[A‑18] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents By labialization and palatalization [A‑18‑6]
[A‑19] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid and vibrant [A‑19‑2]
[A‑20] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal and dorsal [A‑20‑14]
[A‑21] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑21‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1] Stress character Phonological [B‑1‑2]
[B‑2] Stress type Dynamic [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3] Stress carrier Syllable [B‑3‑1]
[B‑4] Stress fixedness Not fixed [B‑4‑2]
[B‑10] Target of vowel harmony No vowel harmony [B‑10‑9]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑5]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null ocoda possible [C‑2‑5]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑6] Differences between roots and affixes Differences in syllable structure [D‑6‑4]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Agglutinative [E‑1‑1]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic [E‑4‑5]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Absent [G‑3‑1]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]
[G‑6] Numeral system Vigesimal [G‑6‑6]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases One-two [H‑1‑1]
[H‑2] Subject and object marking Verbal agreement and function words [H‑2‑6]
[H‑5] Other means of expressing possessive relations Possessive affixes [H‑5‑3]
[H‑6] Means of expressing spatial relations Preverbs and adverbs [H‑6‑25]

Verbal categories

[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Absent [I‑10‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action Preverbs [J‑3‑12]
[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Adverbs [J‑4‑3]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative affixes [J‑8‑1]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Preposition and postposition [J‑9‑9]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronouns are not inflected [K‑1‑1]
[K‑2] Article types No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject and subject-object [K‑8‑4]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Number [K‑12‑6]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun (In)definiteness and number [K‑16‑8]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑18] Inflection means Affixes [K‑18‑2]
[K‑19] Word form model Prefixal-suffixal [K‑19‑1]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation and compounding [L‑1‑12]

Simple sentence

[M‑3] Dominant word order SOV [M‑3‑2]

Complex sentence

[N‑1] Clauses order in compound sentence Not fixed [N‑1‑3]
[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

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