Queries

Number of degrees of vowel height
Five Four Three Two
Vowel height degrees
Close and mid Close and open Close, close-mid, mid and open Close, close-mid, open-mid and open Close, mid and open Close, mid-close, mid-open, and open Narrow and non-narrow
Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees
Close and mid Mid Mid and open
Degrees of vowel backness
Central and back Front and back Front and non-front Front, central and back Front, front-central, central and back Front, mixed and back Front, mixed, advanced back, and back Front, mixed-front and back Front, neutral and back Mixed-front and back
Number of length degrees
Four No length degrees Three Two
Vowel opposition in labialization
No vowel opposition in labialization Present for all vowels Present for back vowels Present for central and back vowels Present for central vowels Present for front and back vowels Present for front and central vowels Present for front and mixed vowels Present for front vowels Present for front, central and back vowels Present for non-front vowels
Vowel opposition in nasalization
No vowel opposition in nasalization Present for central and back vowels Present for front and back vowels Present for front and central vowels Present for front and non-front values Present for front, central and back vowels Present for neutral and back vowels
Vowel opposition in pharyngealization
No vowel opposition in pharyngealization Present for central and back vowels Present for front, central and back vowels
Vowel opposition in ATR
No vowel opposition in ATR Present for front and back vowels
Diphthongs and triphthongs
Biphonemic clusters with a semivowel or a semiconsonant Both diphthongs and triphthongs present Diphtongoids (vowels in monosyllabic words) No diphthongs and triphthongs Only diphthongs present
Types of diphthongs
Even and falling (descending) Falling (descending) Falling (descending) diphtongs and diphtongs with vocalized consonants (vocoids) Rising (ascending) Rising (ascending) and falling (descending)
Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features
Ejective and preruptive consonants present Ejective consonants present Ejectives present Emphatic and implosive consonants present Emphatic consonants present Geminated consonants present Opposition by aspiration Opposition by presence and absence of voice Opposition by strain Opposition by voice presence/absence and by aspiration Opposition by voice presence/absence and labialization Opposition by voice presence/absence and palatalization Opposition by voice presence/absence and softness Opposition by voice presence/absence and strain Opposition by voice presence/absence, ejectives present Opposition by voice presence/absence, emphatic consonants present Strong (voiceless), weak (voiced) and geminate consonants present Strong and weak consonants present
Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation
Occlusives and affricates Occlusives and fricatives Plosives and affricates Plosives and fricatives Plosives, fricatives and affricates Plosives, fricatives, affricates and compound consonants Plosives, voiced, prenasalized, fricatives and affricates
Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation
Bilabial, coronal, dorsal, guttural, uvular and laringal Labial, coronal and guttural Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural Labial, coronal, dorsal and postuvular Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and laringal Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and postuvular Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and uvular Labial, coronal, dorsal, velar-uvular and laringal Labial, coronal, guttural and postuvular Labial, dental-alveolar, palatal, velar and labialized velar
Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation
Bilabial and labiodental Only bilabial
Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation
Alveolar Alveolar and alveopalatal Alveolar and postalveolar Alveolar and retroflex Alveolar, retroflex and alveopalatal Dental Dental and alveolar Dental and alveopalatal Dental and front-palatal Dental and interdental Dental and postlaveolar Dental and retroflex Dental, alveolar and alveo-palatal Dental, alveolar and dental-alveolar Dental, alveolar and palatal Dental, alveolar and postalveolar Dental, alveolar and prepalatal Dental, alveolar, and front-palatal Dental, alveolar, and retroflex Dental, interdental and alveolar Dental, interdental and alveopalatal Dental, interdental, alveolar, and front-palatal Dental-alveolar Dental-alveolar and palatal Dental-alveolar and postalveolar Interdental and dental-alveolar
Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation
Guttural and uvular Prevelar (postpalatal) and velar Uvular Velar Velar and labialized velar Velar and labiovelar Velar and uvular Velar, uvular and labiovelar
Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation
Both pharyngeal and glottal Only glottal Only laryngeal Only pharyngeal
Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents
Absent By aspiration By labialization By labialization and nasalisation By labialization and palatalization By labialization and pharyngealization By labialization, palatalization and pharyngealization By length By nasalization By nasalization and palatalization By palatalization By palatalization and length By palatalization and pharyngealization By pharyngealization
Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation
Approximant, nasal, vibrant and lateral Nasal and approximant Nasal and glide Nasal and liquid Nasal, liquid and glide Nasal, liquid and lateral Nasal, liquid and vibrant Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide Nasal, vibrant and glide Nasal, vibrant and lateral Nasal, vibrant, lateral and glide Nasal, vibrant, lateral and liquid Occlusive and approximant Occlusive, approximant and pharyngeal
Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation
Coronal Coronal and dorsal Coronal, dorsal and guttural Dorsal and guttural Labial and coronal Labial, alveolar, front-palatal, and mid-palatal Labial, coronal (apical and pre-dorsal), and front-palatal Labial, coronal and dorsal Labial, coronal and guttural Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural Labial, coronal, dorsal and postuvular Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and postuvular Labial, coronal, guttural and postuvular
Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants
Absent By aspiration By intensity By labialization By length By palatalization By palatalization and intensity By palatalization and labialization By pharyngealization By vocalization By vocalization and length By vocalization and nasalization By vocalization and palatalization
Inventory of fricatives by place of articulation
Mid and lateral

Stress character
No stress Non-phonological Phonological Phonological and non-phonological
Stress type
Dynamic Dynamic and quantitative Mixed Pitch-accent Quantitative Weak dynamic
Stress carrier
Mora Syllable Word
Stress fixedness
Movable fixed Movable flexible Movable non-fixed Not fixed Single-place fixed
Fixed stress carrier
Antepenult Any syllable of the word First or second syllable First syllable of root First syllable of word First syllable or antepenult First syllable or penult First syllable or ultima First syllable, penult or ultima Last syllable of stem Penult Penult or antepenult Second syllable Ultima Ultima or penult Ultima, penult or antepenult
Number of tone levels
More than three No tones Three Two
Contour tone characteristics
Flat and falling Flat and rising Flat, rising and falling Rising and falling
Tone carrier
Foot Phrase Syllable Syllable or word
Length character
Non-phonological Non-phonological and rhythmic Phonological Phonological and non-phonological Phonological and rhythmic Rhythmic
Target of vowel harmony
Affix All vowels Foot Group of affixes Group of affixes, all vowels Group of phonemes No vowel harmony One vowel or all vowels Phoneme
Feature of vowel harmony
ATR and nasalization Backness Backness and height Backness and roundedness Height Height and roundedness Labialization Narrow and broad vowels Nasalization Openness/closedness
Trigger of vowel harmony
Final syllable vowel, or first vowel of word, or stressed syllable of stem First vowel of affix First vowel of root First vowel of word First vowel of word (root) First vowel of word or last vowel of stem Last vowel of stem Last vowel of word Stressed vowel Vowel of flection Vowel of next syllable Vowel or diphthong of preceding syllable
Other suprasegmental phenomena
Aspiration and palatalization Labialization and glottal stop Nasalization Palatalization Palatalization and nasalization Phonation Velarization and palatalization
Types of phonation
Aspirated voice Slack voice Slackened voice Stiff voice Stiff voice and slack voice

Syllable onset
Both null and non-null onset possible Most syllables have a non-null onset Most syllables have a null onset No null onset
Syllable coda
Both null and non-null ocoda possible Most syllables have a non-null coda Most syllables have a null coda No null coda Only null coda possible

Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the initial position
Limitations on consonant sequences Limited set of consonants and vowels possible Limited set of consonants possible Limited set of consonants possible, no consonant clusters Limited set of consonants, no consonant clusters Limited set of vowels Limited set of vowels and consonants, no consonant clusters or long vowels No consonant clusters No restrictions No vowel clusters No vowel clusters and no consonant clusters Only consonants possible Only vowels possible
Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the final position
Limitations on consonant sequences Limited set of consonants possible Limited set of consonants possible, no consonant clusters Limited set of consonants possible, no vowel clusters Limited set of vowels and consonants possible Limited set of vowels possible No clusters of more than two consonants No consonant clusters No restrictions No vowel clusters No vowel clusters and no consonant clusters Only vowels possible
Characteristics of the syllabic structure of words
Alternation of long and short syllables Mainly monosyllabic words Mainly polysyllabic words Mostly bisyllabic words Mostly monosyllabic and bisyllabic words
Differences between content and function words
Differences in accentuation Differences in phonetic structure Differences in phonetic structure and accentual differences Differences in phonetic structure and in syllable structure Differences in phonetic structure, in syllable structure and accentual differences Differences in syllable structure Differences in syllable structure and accentual differences No differences
Differences between native and borrowed words
Differences in accentuation Differences in phonetic structure Differences in phonetic structure and in syllable structure Differences in phonetic structure, and in accentuation Differences in phonetic structure, in syllable structure and in accentuation Differences in syllable structure Differences in syllable structure and accentual differences No differences
Differences between roots and affixes
Accentual differences Differences in phonetic structure Differences in phonetic structure and accentuation Differences in phonetic structure and in syllable structure Differences in phonetic structure, in syllable structure and accentuation Differences in phonetic structure, number of syllables and accentuation Differences in syllable structure Differences in syllable structure and accentuation Differences in tones No differences
Functional type of alternations
Accompanying Accompanying and distinctive Distinctive No alternations
Type of altenations
Consonant alternations Consonant and phoneme complex alternations Consonant and tone alternations Mixed alternations Tone alternations Vowel alternations Vowel and consonant alternations Vowel and mixed alternations Vowel and tone alternations Vowel, consonant and mixed alternations Vowel, consonant, and phoneme complex alternations Vowel, consonant, mixed, and phoneme complex alternations

Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word
Agglutinative Agglutinative with some fusional features Fusional Fusional with some agglutinative features Fusional-agglutinative
Fusional type features
Cumulative affixes Cumulative affixes, internal flection, several declension types Cumulative affixes, several conjugation types Cumulative affixes, several conjugation types, phonetically unconditioned stem alternations Cumulative flections, phonetically unconditioned stem alternations, phonetically unconditioned fusion, several declension types Internal and external flection Internal flection Internal flection and cumulative flections Internal flection, phonetically unconditioned fusion Internal flection, several declension types, phonetically unconditioned stem alternations Phonetically unconditioned fusion Phonetically unconditioned stem alternations Phonetically unconditioned stem alternations and cumulative affixes
Agglutinative type features
Low degree of fusion between root and non-root morphemes No phonetic alternations in morphemes No phonetic alternations in morphemes, basic form bare stem No phonetic alternations in morphemes, one flection can only express one meaning No phonetic alternations in morphemes, one flection can only express one meaning, basic form bare stem One flection can only express one meaning One flection can only express one meaning, single inflection/conjugation type, no phonetic alternations in morphemes One flection can only express one meaning, single inflection/conjugation type, no phonetic alternations in morphemes, basic form bare stem
Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion
Analytic Analytic with elements of synthetism Isolating Synthetic Synthetic with elements of analytism Synthetic with elements of polysynthetism

Number of agreement classes
Four No agreement classes Six Three Two Two or three
Morphological expression of agreement classes
Anlaut mutations Articles Articles and case and number flections Articles and nominal and verb flections Case and number flections Nominal and verb flections Nominal flections Nominal flections and articles Umlaut Umlaut and affixes Verbal affixes Verbal affixes and adjective affixes
Syntactic expression of agreement classes
Adjectives Adjectives and verbs Adjectives, numerals, pronouns, and articles Adjectives, numerals, pronouns, and participles Adjectives, numerals, pronouns, and verbs Adjectives, numerals, pronouns, participles, and articles Adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, and participles Adjectives, pronouns, and articles Adjectives, pronouns, and participles Adjectives, pronouns, participles, and articles Adjectives, pronouns, verbs, and participles Adjectives, verbs, and numerals Adjectives. Numerals, and pronouns Pronouns Pronouns, adjectives, and verbs Verbs Verbs and pronouns
Other means of expressing agreement classes
Numeral classifiers
Attributive agreement in gender
Absent In singular and in plural In singular, dual, and plural Only in singular
Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender
Absent Always present For "one" For "one", "three", "four" For "one", "two" For "one", "two", "three" For "one", "two", "three", "four"
Nouns classifying categories
Absent Animacy/inanimacy Class Countability/uncountability Person/non-person Person/non-person and animacy/inanimacy Person/non-person, animacy/inanimacy, and definiteness/indefiniteness
Opposition by person/non-person
Lexical Lexical and morphological Lexical and syntactic Lexical, morphological and syntactic Morphological Morphological and syntactic Syntactic
Expression of animacy/inanimacy
Lexical Lexical and morphological Lexical and syntactic Lexical, morphological, and syntactic Morphological Morphological and syntactic Syntactic

Number in nouns
Singular and plural Singular, dual and plural
Single number marking
Marked Marked and unmarked Unmarked
Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs
Absent Neutral and polite Neutral, polite, and impolite Pluralis majestatis
Agreement in number
Attributive No agreement in number Predicative Predicative and attributive
Form of a noun in numeral phrases
Plural Singular Singular and plural Singular, dual, and plural
Numeral system
Decimal Decimal with elements of duodecimal Decimal with elements of duodecimal and vigesimal Decimal with elements of quinary Decimal with elements of vigesimal Mixed, with elements of quinary, decimal, and vigesimal Mixed, with elements of quinary, decimal, pentadecimal, and vigesimal Vigesimal Vigesimal with elements of decimal Vigesimal with elements of quinary

Number of noun cases
Eight-twelve No case One-two Over twenty Thirteen-twenty Three-seven
Subject and object marking
Case affixes Case affixes, verbal agreement, and word order Case and number flections, subject, direct and indirect object personal pronouns, prepositions, and verbal agreement Function words Internal inflection, verbal agreement, and case affixes Object pronouns Object pronouns, function words, case affixes, and verbal agreement Subject and object personal pronouns, prepositions, and verbal agreement Subject and object personal pronouns, prepositions, and word order Subject, direct and indirect object personal pronouns, prepositions, verbal agreement, and word order Subject, direct and indirect object personal pronouns, pronominal reprise, prepositions, verbal agreement, and word order Subject, direct and indirect object personal pronouns, verbal agreement and word order Verbal agreement Verbal agreement and case affixes Verbal agreement and function words Verbal agreement, case affixes and function words Verbal agreement, function words, object pronouns, and verbal pronouns
Case of nominal predicate
Absolutive Caseless form Genitive Nominative Nominative or ergative Nominative or partitive
Case marking of possessive relations
Ablative Dative Genitive Genitive or dative Nominative or genitive Oblique Possessive
Other means of expressing possessive relations
Adpositions Apposition Apposition and possessive pronouns Apposition and postpositions Apposition and prepositions Apposition, izafat, and possessive particles Apposition, possessive affixes and prepositions Apposition, possessive pronouns, possessive adjectives and possessive affixes Apposition, pronouns and pronominal enclitics Possessive adjectives Possessive adjectives and pronouns Possessive affixes Possessive affixes and possessive pronouns Possessive and personal pronouns Possessive declension Possessive particles Possessive particles and reflexive pronouns Possessive pronominal enclitics and possessive pronouns Possessive pronouns Possessive pronouns and affixes Possessive pronouns and articles Possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns and prepositions Possessive pronouns and verbs of possession Possessive pronouns and word order Possessive pronouns, possessive adjectives, and affixes Possessive pronouns, possessive adjectives, and prepositions Possessive pronouns, possessive adjectives, and verbs of possession Possessive pronouns, possessive adjectives, personal pronouns, and prepositions Possessive pronouns, possessive adjectives, personal pronouns, prepositions, and possessive article Possessive pronouns, possessive adjectives, verbs of possession, and prepositions Possessive pronouns, prepositions and particles Prepositions Reflexive pronoun and genitive forms of personal pronouns Verbs of possession
Means of expressing spatial relations
Adpositional constructions Adpositions Adverbs and prepositional-nominal constructions Adverbs and pronouns Adverbs, pronominal adverbs, and prepositions Adverbs, pronouns, verb prefixes, and prepositions Affixes, demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions Demonstrative pronouns, noun affixes, prepositions, postpositions, and adverbs Demonstrative pronouns, spatial adverbs, and prepositions Locative cases, prepositions, and pronouns Locative cases, pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions Nominal affixes, spatial adverbs, postpositions, and particles Noun affixes Noun affixes and adpositions Noun affixes and postpositions Noun affixes and prepositions Noun affixes and spatial adverbs Noun affixes and verbal affixes Noun affixes, adverbs of place, and postpositions Noun affixes, adverbs of place, and prepositions Noun affixes, preverbs and postpositions Noun affixes, pronominal adverbs and adpositional constructions Postpositions Postpositions and function nouns Prepositions Preverbs Preverbs and adverbs Pronouns Pronouns and adverbs Pronouns and locative cases Pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions Pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, and particles Pronouns, pronominal adverbs, locative cases, adpositions Pronouns, pronominal adverbs, locative cases, postpositions Pronouns, pronoun adverbs, adverbs, and prepositions Pronouns, pronoun adverbs, and prepositions Spatial adverbs Spatial adverbs and prepositions
Dependent nouns in possessive constructions

Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns
Different Same
Secondary cases
Absent Present

Voice forms expression
Affixes Affixes and function words Auxiliary verb Auxiliary verb + participle Auxiliary verb + participle and affixes Auxiliary verb + participle and pronominal verb form Auxiliary verb + participle and reflexive pronoun Auxiliary verb and affixes Auxiliary verb, affixes and function words Category of voice is absent Morphonological alternation and affixes
Voice stacking in the same verb form
Absent Present
Double voice forms
Causative and passive/reciprocal Passive and causative Passive and reciprocal Passive and reflexive Reflexive and causative/ causative and reciprocal Reflexive and reciprocal/ reflexive and causative
Voice forms coincidence
Absent Active and reflexive Middle and passive Passive and causative Passive and decausative Passive and reflexive Passive, reflexive and reciprocal Passive, reflexive, middle and reciprocal Potential and passive Reflexive and reciprocal
Tense forms
Future Future; Non-future General Non-future Non-past Past Past; Future; Non-future Past; Future; Non-past Past; Non-past Past; Present Past; Present; Future Past; Present; Future; Non-past Past; Present; General Past; Present; Non-past Present Present; Future Present; Past; Non-past
Aspect and tense expression
Separate Separate and syncretic Syncretic
Expression of tense categories
Affixes Affixes and function words Auxiliary verb + participle and affixes Auxiliary verb + participle/infinitive and flections Auxiliary verbs and affixes Auxiliary verbs, affixes and function words Function words Tone alternations
Syncretic expression of several verb meanings
Absent Aspect and tense Aspect, tense, person, and number Gender and number Gender, person, and number Person and number Person and tense Person, number and gender/ aspect and tense Person, number, gender, aspect, tense, and modality Person, number, gender, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) Person, number, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) Person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and modality (mood) Tense and modality Tense and modality, person and number Tense and negation Tense, aspect and modality Tense, aspect, and modality (mood) Tense, aspect, and polarity Tense, aspect, modality, and polarity Tense, person and number
Marking of person in present tense verbs
Absent In singular and plural In singular, dual and plural Only in plural Only in singular Only third person singular
Transitivity marker
Absent Affix Affix and change of conjugation type Affix and meaningful morphonological alternation Affix and special type of agreement Change of conjugation type Change of conjugation type and reflexive pronoun Function word Morphonological alternation Morphonological alternation and change of conjugation type Special type of agreement

Pronominal words
Absent Pronominal adjectives Pronominal adverbs Pronominal adverbs and adjectives Pronominal adverbs, adjectives and nouns Pronominal nouns Pronouns-adjectives Pronouns-nouns Pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives Pronouns-nouns, pronouns-adjectives, pronominal adverbs, and pronominal numberals
Expression of deictic categories
Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, and articles Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns, and numerals Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns, and prepositions Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns, impersonal pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, and articles Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns, pronominal adverbs, and particles Demonstrative pronouns Demonstrative pronouns and adpositions Demonstrative pronouns and adverbs Demonstrative pronouns and articles Demonstrative pronouns and nominal affixes Demonstrative pronouns and particles Demonstrative pronouns and postpositions Demonstrative pronouns and prepositions Demonstrative pronouns and preverbs Demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs Demonstrative pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and particles Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, and articles Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, articles, and particles Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, and articles Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, articles, and particles Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, pronominal adverbs, and articles Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, pronominal adverbs, prepositions, and articles Demonstrative pronouns, impersonal pronoun, adverbs, prepositions, and articles Demonstrative pronouns, impersonal pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, and articles Demonstrative pronouns, impersonal pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, articles, and particles Demonstrative pronouns, impersonal pronouns, and adverbs Demonstrative pronouns, postpositions and adverbs Demonstrative pronouns, prepositions, and articles Demonstrative pronouns, prepositions, and particles Demonstrative pronouns, pronominal adverbs, and particles Demonstrative pronouns, pronominal adverbs, prepositions, and articles Particles Postpositions
Function words expressing spatial orientation of action
Adpositions Adpositions and particles Function nouns Particles Postpositions Postpositions and function nouns Prepositions Prepositions and particles Preverbs Preverbs and postpositions
Content words expressing spatial orientation of action
Adjectives and adverbs Adjectives, pronouns, and adverbs Adverbs Pronouns Pronouns and adverbs
Morphological expression of (in)definiteness
Absent Definite/indefinite noun declension Definite/indefinite verb conjugation Different case affixes for definite and indefinite objects Different case affixes for definite and indefinite objects and special verb form Different case affixes for definite and indefinite objects and subjects, and definite/indefinite verb conjugation Different cases for definite and indefinite objects Noun affixes Noun affixes and definite/indefinite verb conjugation Special case form Special form of class marker Special verb form Suffixed definite article
Words expressing (in)definiteness
Adjectives and numerals Articles Articles and adjectives Articles and numerals Articles and pronouns Articles, adjectives, participles and numerals Articles, prepositions, and pronouns Articles, prepositions, pronouns and numerals Articles, pronouns and numerals Numerals Numerals and pronouns Particles Postpositions Postpositions and pronouns Postpositions, pronouns and numerals Pronouns Pronouns and adjectives Pronouns, adjectives and numerals Pronouns, numerals, and particles
Expression of politeness
In noun group, in verb group and in pronouns In noun phrase In noun phrase and in pronouns In pronouns In pronouns and syntactically In verb group, in pronouns and syntactically In verb phrase In verb phrase and in pronouns In verb phrase and in quasi-pronouns
Expression of negation
Negative adverbs and particles Negative affixes Negative affixes and predicatives Negative affixes, particles and predicatives Negative affixes, predicatives, particles and pronouns Negative affixes, verbs and predicatives Negative and prohibitive affixes Negative and prohibitive affixes, negative particles Negative copulae, verbs, negation adjectives Negative particles Negative particles and conjunctions Negative particles and negative affixes Negative particles and negative verbs Negative particles and reduplication Negative particles, affixes, and pronouns Negative particles, affixes, pronouns, adverbs, and conjunctions Negative particles, affixes, pronouns, adverbs, and verb Negative particles, affixes, pronouns, and adverbs Negative particles, affixes, pronouns, and conjunctions Negative particles, negative pronouns and negative conjugation of verbs Negative particles, negative verbs and caritive affixes Negative particles, pronouns and adverbs Negative particles, pronouns, adverbs, and conjunctions Negative particles, pronouns, adverbs, and negative form of infinitive Negative particles, pronouns, and verb Negative pronouns and negative particles Negative pronouns, negative adverbs and negative verbs Negative verbs Negative verbs and predicatives Prohibitive and negative particles
Negation marker position
Framing Framing and postposition Framing and preposition Framing, preposition and postposition Incorporation Incorporation and postposition Incorporation and preposition Incorporation, postpostion and preposition Postposition Preposition Preposition and postposition

Personal pronouns inflection
Case affixes of pronouns are the same as noun case affixes Pronominal inflection type Pronouns are not inflected
Article types
Definite and indefinite Definite, indefinite and partitive No articles Only definite Only indefinite
Indefinite article and numeral 'one'
Different Same
Article place
Postposition Preposition Preposition and postposition
Position of article in noun phrase
Articles preceding each word Single article preceding the phrase
Grammar categories of article
Case, gender and number Definiteness Definiteness and case Definiteness and gender Definiteness and number Definiteness, case and gender Definiteness, case, gender and number Definiteness, gender and number
Number of conjugation types
Four types of conjugation Nine types of conjugation Single type of conjugation Six types of conjugation Ten types of conjugation Three types of conjugation Two types of conjugation
Verb agreement types
No verb agreement Subject Subject and object Subject and subject-object
Agreement categories expressed in participle
Absent Case Gender Gender and number Gender, number and case Gender, number and definiteness Number Number and case
Tense expressed by participle
Future Past Past and future Present Present and past Present, past and future Present, present-future, future and past Present-future and past Present-past and future Present-past, past and future
Adverb grammar categories
Absent Degrees of comparison
Agreement categories expressed in adjective
Absent Case Definiteness and case Gender Gender and number Gender, number and case Gender, number and definiteness Gender, number and state Gender, number, case and definiteness Number Number and case Person and number
Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective
Absent Agreement class and state Agreement class, number and case Gender and definiteness Gender and number Gender, number and case Number and case
Attribute agreement of adjectives
Absent Always present Only in postposition Only in preposition Optional
Attributive agreement types
In (in)definiteness In (in)humanness In (un)countability In case In case; In (in)definiteness In class In class; In number In class; In number; In case In gender In gender; In number In gender; In number; In (in)definiteness In gender; In number; In case In gender; In number; In case; In (in)definiteness In gender; In number; In case; In (in)humanness In gender; In number; In state In number In number; In (in)definiteness In number; In case In number; In case; In gender In number; In case; In gender; In (in)definiteness In number; In case; In gender; In (in)humanness In number; In case; In gender; In (in)humanness; In (in)definiteness In number; In gender; In (un)countability In person In person; In number; In case In state No attributive agreement
Inflectional categories of noun
(In)definiteness (In)definiteness and number (In)definiteness, number and izafat (In)definiteness, number and state Absent Case Case, possessivity and number Number Number and case Number and state Number, case, and (in)definiteness Person, number, and case Possessivity, (in)definiteness, and number
Cumulative expression of several categories in noun
Absent Case and person of possessor Definiteness and gender / agreement class Gender / agreement class, number and case Gender / agreement class, number, case and definiteness Number and case Number and definiteness Number and gender / agreement class Person and number Person, number and case
Inflection means
Affixes Internal and external flection and affixes Internal flection and affixes Internal flection and tonal alternation Internal flection, stem truncation/augmentation and affixes Reduplication and affixes Reduplication, internal flection and affixes Stem truncation/augmentation and affixes
Word form model
Mainly or only infixal Mainly or only prefixal Mainly or only suffixal Prefixal-suffixal

Word formation means
Ablaut, derivation, compounding and conversion Affixation, conversion, compounding, abbreviation, reduplication, and clipping Affixation, derivation, incorporation, reduplication, and analytic constructions Compounding Conversion and compounding Conversion, reduplication and compounding Derivation Derivation and compounding Derivation and conversion Derivation and internal flection Derivation and reduplication Derivation, compounding and abbreviation Derivation, compounding, conversion and abbreviation Derivation, compounding, conversion and reduplication Derivation, compounding, conversion, and clipping Derivation, conversion and reduplication Derivation, conversion, reduplication, compounding and abbreviation Derivation, reduplication and compounding
Derivation affixes
Circumfixes, prefixes and suffixes Infixes and suffixes Infixes, prefixes and suffixes Prefixes Prefixes and suffixes Prefixes, infixes, suffixes, postfixes and transfixes Prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes Prefixes, suffixes and postfixes Prefixes, suffixes and transfixes Prefixes, suffixes, and interfixes Prefixes, suffixes, postfixes, and interfixes Prefixes, suffixes, suprafixes and interfixes Prefixes, suffixes, suprafixes, circumfixes and interfixes Suffixes Suffixes and circumfixes Suffixes, prefixes, circumfixes and transfixes
Stems relations in stem compounding
Apposition Apposition and coordination Apposition and subordination Apposition, coordination and subordination Coordination Coordination and subordination Subordination

Morphosyntactic alignment
Accusative Accusative with elements of ergativity Active Direct Ergative Ergative with elements of accusative Nominative and ergative
Word order fixedness
Fixed Non-fixed Relatively free
Dominant word order
SOV SOV/ OSV SOV/ VSO SVO SVO/ OVS SVO/ SOV SVO/ VSO VOS VSO
Order of nouns and its modifier
Modifier follows noun Modifier precedes noun Not fixed Preposition or postposition
Pro-drop
Impossible Possible

Clauses order in compound sentence
Main clause frames the subordinate clause Main clause precedes subordinate clause Not fixed Subordinate clause precedes main clause
Dependent clause distinctions in complex sentences
Special form of predicate Special form of subject Special word order
Dependent clause predicate
Both finite and non-finite forms possible Finite forms Non-finite forms
Compound sentence types
Compounding Subordination Subordination and compounding Subordination, compounding and clause chaining
Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton
Asyndeton dominant Both syndesis and asyndeton possible Syndesis dominant