Bactrian language †

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Aryao

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Volume 7. Iranian languages. III. Eastern Iranian languages
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Main country: Afghanistan (show on the map)

[A‑4]	Number of length degrees	Two [A‑4‑2]
[A‑5]	Vowel opposition in labialization	No vowel opposition in labialization [A‑5‑1]
[A‑9]	Diphthongs and triphthongs	Only diphthongs present [A‑9‑2]
[A‑10]	Types of diphthongs	Falling (descending) [A‑10‑2]
[A‑11]	Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features	Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12]	Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation	Plosives, fricatives and affricates [A‑12‑3]
[A‑13]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑13‑3]
[A‑14]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Bilabial and labiodental [A‑14‑2]
[A‑18]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	Absent [A‑18‑1]
[A‑19]	Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation	Nasal, liquid and vibrant [A‑19‑2]
[A‑20]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Labial and coronal [A‑20‑7]
[A‑21]	Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants	Absent [A‑21‑1]

[C‑1]	Syllable onset	Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑5]
[C‑2]	Syllable coda	Both null and non-null ocoda possible [C‑2‑5]

[D‑2]	Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the final position	Limited set of vowels possible [D‑2‑4]
[D‑4]	Differences between content and function words	No differences [D‑4‑1]
[D‑5]	Differences between native and borrowed words	No differences [D‑5‑1]
[D‑6]	Differences between roots and affixes	Differences in phonetic structure [D‑6‑2]
[D‑7]	Functional type of alternations	Accompanying [D‑7‑2]
[D‑8]	Type of altenations	Vowel alternations [D‑8‑1]

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Fusional [E‑1‑3]
[E‑2]	Fusional type features	Cumulative affixes [E‑2‑2]
[E‑3]	Agglutinative type features	No phonetic alternations in morphemes [E‑3‑4]
[E‑4]	Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion	Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

[F‑1]	Number of agreement classes	No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]
[F‑2]	Morphological expression of agreement classes	Articles [F‑2‑1]
[F‑3]	Syntactic expression of agreement classes	Pronouns, adjectives, and verbs [F‑3‑9]
[F‑5]	Attributive agreement in gender	In singular and in plural [F‑5‑2]
[F‑7]	Nouns classifying categories	Absent [F‑7‑1]
[F‑9]	Expression of animacy/inanimacy	Lexical and morphological [F‑9‑6]

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2]	Single number marking	Marked and unmarked [G‑2‑3]
[G‑4]	Agreement in number	Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]
[G‑5]	Form of a noun in numeral phrases	Singular and plural [G‑5‑3]

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	One-two [H‑1‑1]
[H‑4]	Case marking of possessive relations	Oblique [H‑4‑5]
[H‑6]	Means of expressing spatial relations	Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions [H‑6‑40]
[H‑8]	Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns	Same [H‑8‑1]
[H‑9]	Secondary cases	Absent [H‑9‑2]

[I‑1]	Voice forms expression	Affixes [I‑1‑4]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6]	Aspect and tense expression	Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑8]	Syncretic expression of several verb meanings	Person, number, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑17]
[I‑9]	Marking of person in present tense verbs	In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]

[J‑2]	Expression of deictic categories	Demonstrative pronouns and prepositions [J‑2‑10]
[J‑3]	Function words expressing spatial orientation of action	Prepositions [J‑3‑3]
[J‑4]	Content words expressing spatial orientation of action	Pronouns and adverbs [J‑4‑6]
[J‑6]	Words expressing (in)definiteness	Articles [J‑6‑1]
[J‑8]	Expression of negation	Negative particles [J‑8‑3]
[J‑9]	Negation marker position	Preposition [J‑9‑3]

[K‑1]	Personal pronouns inflection	Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2]	Article types	Definite and indefinite [K‑2‑4]
[K‑4]	Article place	Preposition [K‑4‑1]
[K‑5]	Position of article in noun phrase	Single article preceding the phrase [K‑5‑1]
[K‑6]	Grammar categories of article	Definiteness and gender [K‑6‑6]
[K‑7]	Number of conjugation types	Two types of conjugation [K‑7‑2]
[K‑12]	Agreement categories expressed in adjective	Number and case [K‑12‑8]
[K‑13]	Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective	Number and case [K‑13‑4]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In case [K‑15‑3]
[K‑16]	Inflectional categories of noun	Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17]	Cumulative expression of several categories in noun	Number and case [K‑17‑6]
[K‑18]	Inflection means	Affixes [K‑18‑2]
[K‑19]	Word form model	Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

[L‑2]

Derivation affixes

Suffixes [L‑2‑2]

[M‑2]	Word order fixedness	Relatively free [M‑2‑3]
[M‑3]	Dominant word order	SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4]	Order of nouns and its modifier	Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

[N‑1]	Clauses order in compound sentence	Not fixed [N‑1‑3]
[N‑3]	Dependent clause predicate	Finite forms [N‑3‑1]
[N‑4]	Compound sentence types	Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5]	Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton	Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]