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Badaga language

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PDFVolume 19. Dravidian languages
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Genealogy

Dravidian → Southern Dravidian

Geography

Main country: India (show on the map)

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑3] Degrees of vowel backness Front, central and back [A‑3‑4]
[A‑4] Number of length degrees Two [A‑4‑2]
[A‑5] Vowel opposition in labialization No vowel opposition in labialization [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6] Vowel opposition in nasalization No vowel opposition in nasalization [A‑6‑1]
[A‑9] Diphthongs and triphthongs Only diphthongs present [A‑9‑2]
[A‑10] Types of diphthongs Even and falling (descending) [A‑10‑5]
[A‑11] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives and fricatives [A‑12‑1]
[A‑13] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and postuvular [A‑13‑2]
[A‑14] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Only bilabial [A‑14‑1]
[A‑15] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Dental and retroflex [A‑15‑8]
[A‑16] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar [A‑16‑1]
[A‑17] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Only pharyngeal [A‑17‑1]
[A‑18] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents Absent [A‑18‑1]
[A‑19] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑19‑6]
[A‑21] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑21‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑9] Length character Phonological [B‑9‑1]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑5]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Most syllables have a null coda [C‑2‑4]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑3] Characteristics of the syllabic structure of words Mainly polysyllabic words [D‑3‑4]
[D‑7] Functional type of alternations Accompanying and distinctive [D‑7‑4]
[D‑8] Type of altenations Vowel and consonant alternations [D‑8‑6]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Agglutinative [E‑1‑1]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes Three [F‑1‑3]
[F‑2] Morphological expression of agreement classes Verbal affixes [F‑2‑3]
[F‑6] Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender Absent [F‑6‑1]
[F‑8] Opposition by person/non-person Lexical [F‑8‑1]
[F‑9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy Lexical and morphological [F‑9‑6]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Neutral and polite [G‑3‑2]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative [G‑4‑2]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Singular and plural [G‑5‑3]
[G‑6] Numeral system Decimal [G‑6‑1]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑3] Case of nominal predicate Nominative [H‑3‑4]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Genitive or dative [H‑4‑6]
[H‑8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns Same [H‑8‑1]
[H‑9] Secondary cases Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑1] Voice forms expression Category of voice is absent [I‑1‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Non-past [I‑5‑5]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Separate [I‑6‑1]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Affixes [I‑7‑1]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Special type of agreement [I‑10‑5]

Deictic categories

[J‑1] Pronominal words Pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives [J‑1‑11]
[J‑2] Expression of deictic categories Demonstrative pronouns [J‑2‑1]
[J‑3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action Postpositions [J‑3‑2]
[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Pronouns [J‑4‑4]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑7] Expression of politeness In verb phrase and in pronouns [J‑7‑6]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Postposition [J‑9‑4]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Case affixes of pronouns are the same as noun case affixes [K‑1‑2]
[K‑2] Article types No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Four types of conjugation [K‑7‑4]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑9] Agreement categories expressed in participle Absent [K‑9‑1]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Present and past [K‑10‑6]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Absent [K‑12‑1]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Absent [K‑14‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types No attributive agreement [K‑15‑1]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑18] Inflection means Affixes [K‑18‑2]
[K‑19] Word form model Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation [L‑1‑6]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Suffixes [L‑2‑2]

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Accusative [M‑1‑3]
[M‑2] Word order fixedness Fixed [M‑2‑1]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

Complex sentence

[N‑1] Clauses order in compound sentence Subordinate clause precedes main clause [N‑1‑2]
[N‑2] Dependent clause distinctions in complex sentences Special form of predicate [N‑2‑4]
[N‑3] Dependent clause predicate Non-finite forms [N‑3‑2]
[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination [N‑4‑2]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

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