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Bhojpuri language

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PDFVolume 17. New Indo-Aryan languages
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Bihari

Geography

Main country: Nepal (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑3] Degrees of vowel backness Front, central and back [A‑3‑4]
[A‑4] Number of length degrees No length degrees [A‑4‑1]
[A‑5] Vowel opposition in labialization Present for central vowels [A‑5‑3]
[A‑6] Vowel opposition in nasalization Present for front, central and back vowels [A‑6‑4]
[A‑7] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8] Vowel opposition in ATR No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑8‑1]
[A‑9] Diphthongs and triphthongs Only diphthongs present [A‑9‑2]
[A‑11] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by voice presence/absence and by aspiration [A‑11‑6]
[A‑12] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, fricatives and affricates [A‑12‑3]
[A‑13] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and postuvular [A‑13‑2]
[A‑14] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Only bilabial [A‑14‑1]
[A‑15] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Alveolar, retroflex and alveopalatal [A‑15‑18]
[A‑16] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar [A‑16‑1]
[A‑17] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Only glottal [A‑17‑2]
[A‑18] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents Absent [A‑18‑1]
[A‑19] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑20‑17]
[A‑21] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑21‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1] Stress character Phonological [B‑1‑2]
[B‑2] Stress type Dynamic [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3] Stress carrier Syllable [B‑3‑1]
[B‑4] Stress fixedness Movable fixed [B‑4‑3]
[B‑5] Fixed stress carrier Penult or antepenult [B‑5‑14]
[B‑6] Number of tone levels No tones [B‑6‑4]
[B‑9] Length character Rhythmic [B‑9‑3]
[B‑10] Target of vowel harmony No vowel harmony [B‑10‑9]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑5]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null ocoda possible [C‑2‑5]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the initial position No consonant clusters [D‑1‑6]
[D‑2] Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the final position No consonant clusters [D‑2‑7]
[D‑4] Differences between content and function words Differences in accentuation [D‑4‑3]
[D‑5] Differences between native and borrowed words Differences in accentuation [D‑5‑3]
[D‑7] Functional type of alternations Accompanying [D‑7‑2]
[D‑8] Type of altenations Vowel and consonant alternations [D‑8‑6]

Morphological type of language

No filled features for this language.

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Person/non-person and animacy/inanimacy [F‑7‑4]
[F‑8] Opposition by person/non-person Morphological [F‑8‑2]
[F‑9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy Syntactic [F‑9‑3]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Absent [G‑3‑1]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative [G‑4‑2]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Singular [G‑5‑1]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases One-two [H‑1‑1]
[H‑2] Subject and object marking Verbal agreement and case affixes [H‑2‑5]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑5] Other means of expressing possessive relations Adpositions [H‑5‑5]
[H‑6] Means of expressing spatial relations Postpositions [H‑6‑5]
[H‑8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns Different [H‑8‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑1] Voice forms expression Auxiliary verb + participle and affixes [I‑1‑10]
[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5] Tense forms Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Separate [I‑6‑1]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Affixes [I‑7‑1]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Special type of agreement [I‑10‑5]

Deictic categories

[J‑3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action Postpositions [J‑3‑2]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Noun affixes [J‑5‑2]
[J‑7] Expression of politeness In verb phrase and in pronouns [J‑7‑6]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative particles and negative verbs [J‑8‑7]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Preposition and postposition [J‑9‑9]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Case affixes of pronouns are the same as noun case affixes [K‑1‑2]
[K‑2] Article types Only definite [K‑2‑3]
[K‑4] Article place Postposition [K‑4‑2]
[K‑5] Position of article in noun phrase Single article preceding the phrase [K‑5‑1]
[K‑6] Grammar categories of article Definiteness [K‑6‑2]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Single type of conjugation [K‑7‑1]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Future [K‑10‑2]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑18] Inflection means Affixes [K‑18‑2]
[K‑19] Word form model Prefixal-suffixal [K‑19‑1]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation, reduplication and compounding [L‑1‑19]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑3]
[L‑3] Stems relations in stem compounding Coordination and subordination [L‑3‑3]

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Accusative [M‑1‑3]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑5] Pro-drop Impossible [M‑5‑2]

Complex sentence

[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination, compounding and clause chaining [N‑4‑5]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Syndesis dominant [N‑5‑1]

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information

Feature is not applicable to this language