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Breton language

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Genealogy

Indo-European → Celtic → Brittonic

Geography

Main country: France (show on the map)

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑3] Degrees of vowel backness Front, central and back [A‑3‑4]
[A‑4] Number of length degrees No length degrees [A‑4‑1]
[A‑5] Vowel opposition in labialization Present for front vowels [A‑5‑2]
[A‑6] Vowel opposition in nasalization Present for front, central and back vowels [A‑6‑4]
[A‑9] Diphthongs and triphthongs Only diphthongs present [A‑9‑2]
[A‑10] Types of diphthongs Rising (ascending) and falling (descending) [A‑10‑3]
[A‑11] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives and fricatives [A‑12‑1]
[A‑13] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and postuvular [A‑13‑2]
[A‑14] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑14‑2]
[A‑15] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Dental and alveolar [A‑15‑6]
[A‑16] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar [A‑16‑1]
[A‑17] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Only glottal [A‑17‑2]
[A‑18] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents Absent [A‑18‑1]
[A‑19] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑20‑17]
[A‑21] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑21‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1] Stress character Non-phonological [B‑1‑3]
[B‑2] Stress type Dynamic [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3] Stress carrier Syllable [B‑3‑1]
[B‑4] Stress fixedness Single-place fixed [B‑4‑1]
[B‑5] Fixed stress carrier Penult [B‑5‑7]
[B‑9] Length character Non-phonological and rhythmic [B‑9‑6]
[B‑10] Target of vowel harmony Phoneme [B‑10‑1]
[B‑11] Feature of vowel harmony Height [B‑11‑3]
[B‑12] Trigger of vowel harmony First vowel of affix [B‑12‑2]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑5]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null ocoda possible [C‑2‑5]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑2] Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the final position Limited set of consonants possible [D‑2‑5]
[D‑3] Characteristics of the syllabic structure of words Mainly polysyllabic words [D‑3‑4]
[D‑4] Differences between content and function words Differences in accentuation [D‑4‑3]
[D‑6] Differences between roots and affixes No differences [D‑6‑1]
[D‑7] Functional type of alternations Accompanying and distinctive [D‑7‑4]
[D‑8] Type of altenations Vowel and consonant alternations [D‑8‑6]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Fusional [E‑1‑3]
[E‑2] Fusional type features Internal flection and cumulative flections [E‑2‑10]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Analytic with elements of synthetism [E‑4‑3]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes Two [F‑1‑2]
[F‑2] Morphological expression of agreement classes Anlaut mutations [F‑2‑12]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Animacy/inanimacy [F‑7‑3]
[F‑8] Opposition by person/non-person Lexical [F‑8‑1]
[F‑9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy Lexical and morphological [F‑9‑6]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular, dual and plural [G‑1‑2]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative [G‑4‑2]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Singular and plural [G‑5‑3]
[G‑6] Numeral system Vigesimal [G‑6‑6]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases No case [H‑1‑6]

Verbal categories

[I‑2] Voice stacking in the same verb form Absent [I‑2‑2]
[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5] Tense forms Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Auxiliary verbs and affixes [I‑7‑3]
[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Person, number, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑17]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Absent [I‑10‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑2] Expression of deictic categories Demonstrative pronouns and articles [J‑2‑12]
[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Pronouns and adverbs [J‑4‑6]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Articles [J‑6‑1]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative particles, pronouns, adverbs, and negative form of infinitive [J‑8‑32]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Framing and postposition [J‑9‑8]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2] Article types Definite and indefinite [K‑2‑4]
[K‑3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one' Different [K‑3‑2]
[K‑4] Article place Preposition [K‑4‑1]
[K‑5] Position of article in noun phrase Single article preceding the phrase [K‑5‑1]
[K‑6] Grammar categories of article Definiteness [K‑6‑2]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Three types of conjugation [K‑7‑3]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑9] Agreement categories expressed in participle Absent [K‑9‑1]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Present and past [K‑10‑6]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Absent [K‑12‑1]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Absent [K‑14‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types No attributive agreement [K‑15‑1]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number [K‑16‑4]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑19] Word form model Prefixal-suffixal [K‑19‑1]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Conversion, reduplication and compounding [L‑1‑18]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑3]

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Accusative [M‑1‑3]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier follows noun [M‑4‑2]

Complex sentence

[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

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