Bolgarian language †

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Danube Bulgar, Kuban Bulgar, Volga Bulgar, Protobulgar, Old Bulgar, Middle Bulgar, Hunnic Bulgar

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Volume 2. Turkic languages
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Genealogy

Altaic → Turkic → Oghur

Geography

Main country: Russian Federation (show on the map)

Identifiers

Glottolog: bolg1250
ISO-639-3: xbo

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1]	Number of degrees of vowel height	Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2]	Vowel height degrees	Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑3]	Degrees of vowel backness	Central and back [A‑3‑3]
[A‑5]	Vowel opposition in labialization	Present for central and back vowels [A‑5‑7]
[A‑11]	Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features	Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12]	Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation	Plosives, fricatives and affricates [A‑12‑3]
[A‑13]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, guttural and postuvular [A‑13‑5]
[A‑14]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Bilabial and labiodental [A‑14‑2]
[A‑15]	Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation	Dental and alveolar [A‑15‑6]
[A‑16]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar and uvular [A‑16‑5]
[A‑17]	Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation	Only pharyngeal [A‑17‑1]
[A‑19]	Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation	Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Labial, coronal and dorsal [A‑20‑14]

Prosodic phenomena

No filled features for this language.

Syllable

No filled features for this language.

Phonologic structure and phenomena

No filled features for this language.

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Agglutinative [E‑1‑1]
[E‑4]	Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion	Synthetic [E‑4‑5]

Nominal classifications

[F‑8]

Opposition by person/non-person

Morphological [F‑8‑2]

Number

No filled features for this language.

Case meanings

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑3]	Case of nominal predicate	Nominative [H‑3‑4]
[H‑5]	Other means of expressing possessive relations	Possessive affixes [H‑5‑3]

Verbal categories

[I‑1]	Voice forms expression	Auxiliary verb and affixes [I‑1‑6]
[I‑4]	Voice forms coincidence	Absent [I‑4‑1]

Deictic categories

No filled features for this language.

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑19]

Word form model

Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1]

Word formation means

Derivation and compounding [L‑1‑12]

Simple sentence

[M‑3]

Dominant word order

SOV [M‑3‑2]

Complex sentence

No filled features for this language.

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information

[A-210] Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees
[A-4] Number of length degrees
[A-6] Vowel opposition in nasalization
[A-7] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization
[A-8] Vowel opposition in ATR
[A-9] Diphthongs and triphthongs
[A-10] Types of diphthongs
[A-18] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents
[A-21] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants
[A-220] Inventory of fricatives by place of articulation
[B-1] Stress character
[B-2] Stress type
[B-3] Stress carrier
[B-4] Stress fixedness
[B-5] Fixed stress carrier
[B-6] Number of tone levels
[B-7] Contour tone characteristics
[B-8] Tone carrier
[B-9] Length character
[B-10] Target of vowel harmony
[B-11] Feature of vowel harmony
[B-12] Trigger of vowel harmony
[B-13] Other suprasegmental phenomena
[B-14] Types of phonation
[C-1] Syllable onset
[C-2] Syllable coda
[D-1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the initial position
[D-2] Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the final position
[D-3] Characteristics of the syllabic structure of words
[D-4] Differences between content and function words
[D-5] Differences between native and borrowed words
[D-6] Differences between roots and affixes
[D-7] Functional type of alternations
[D-8] Type of altenations
[E-2] Fusional type features
[E-3] Agglutinative type features
[F-1] Number of agreement classes
[F-2] Morphological expression of agreement classes
[F-3] Syntactic expression of agreement classes
[F-4] Other means of expressing agreement classes
[F-5] Attributive agreement in gender
[F-6] Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender
[F-7] Nouns classifying categories
[F-9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy
[G-1] Number in nouns
[G-2] Single number marking
[G-3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs
[G-4] Agreement in number
[G-5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases
[G-6] Numeral system
[H-2] Subject and object marking
[H-4] Case marking of possessive relations
[H-6] Means of expressing spatial relations
[H-7] Dependent nouns in possessive constructions
[H-8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns
[H-9] Secondary cases
[I-2] Voice stacking in the same verb form
[I-3] Double voice forms
[I-5] Tense forms
[I-6] Aspect and tense expression
[I-7] Expression of tense categories
[I-8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings
[I-9] Marking of person in present tense verbs
[I-10] Transitivity marker
[J-1] Pronominal words
[J-2] Expression of deictic categories
[J-3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action
[J-4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action
[J-5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness
[J-6] Words expressing (in)definiteness
[J-7] Expression of politeness
[J-8] Expression of negation
[J-9] Negation marker position
[K-1] Personal pronouns inflection
[K-2] Article types
[K-4] Article place
[K-5] Position of article in noun phrase
[K-6] Grammar categories of article
[K-7] Number of conjugation types
[K-8] Verb agreement types
[K-9] Agreement categories expressed in participle
[K-10] Tense expressed by participle
[K-11] Adverb grammar categories
[K-12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective
[K-13] Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective
[K-14] Attribute agreement of adjectives
[K-15] Attributive agreement types
[K-16] Inflectional categories of noun
[K-17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun
[K-18] Inflection means
[L-2] Derivation affixes
[L-3] Stems relations in stem compounding
[M-1] Morphosyntactic alignment
[M-2] Word order fixedness
[M-4] Order of nouns and its modifier
[M-5] Pro-drop
[N-1] Clauses order in compound sentence
[N-2] Dependent clause distinctions in complex sentences
[N-3] Dependent clause predicate
[N-4] Compound sentence types
[N-5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton

Feature is not applicable to this language

[K-3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one'