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Classical Armenian language †

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PDFVolume 20. Relict Indo-European languages of the West and Central Asia
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Armenian

Geography

Main country: Turkey (show on the map)

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑3] Degrees of vowel backness Front, central and back [A‑3‑4]
[A‑4] Number of length degrees Two [A‑4‑2]
[A‑9] Diphthongs and triphthongs Both diphthongs and triphthongs present [A‑9‑3]
[A‑10] Types of diphthongs Rising (ascending) and falling (descending) [A‑10‑3]
[A‑11] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by voice presence/absence and by aspiration [A‑11‑6]
[A‑12] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, fricatives and affricates [A‑12‑3]
[A‑13] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and laringal [A‑13‑9]
[A‑14] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Only bilabial [A‑14‑1]
[A‑15] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Dental, alveolar and alveo-palatal [A‑15‑27]
[A‑16] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar [A‑16‑1]
[A‑19] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, vibrant, lateral and liquid [A‑19‑15]
[A‑20] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal and guttural [A‑20‑16]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1] Stress character Phonological [B‑1‑2]
[B‑3] Stress carrier Syllable [B‑3‑1]
[B‑4] Stress fixedness Single-place fixed [B‑4‑1]
[B‑5] Fixed stress carrier Ultima [B‑5‑4]
[B‑9] Length character Phonological [B‑9‑1]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑5]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null ocoda possible [C‑2‑5]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑2] Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the final position Limited set of vowels possible [D‑2‑4]
[D‑3] Characteristics of the syllabic structure of words Mainly polysyllabic words [D‑3‑4]
[D‑4] Differences between content and function words No differences [D‑4‑1]
[D‑6] Differences between roots and affixes No differences [D‑6‑1]
[D‑7] Functional type of alternations Distinctive [D‑7‑3]
[D‑8] Type of altenations Vowel alternations [D‑8‑1]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Fusional [E‑1‑3]
[E‑2] Fusional type features Cumulative affixes, internal flection, several declension types [E‑2‑12]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Absent [F‑7‑1]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Marked [G‑2‑1]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]
[G‑6] Numeral system Decimal [G‑6‑1]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑2] Subject and object marking Verbal agreement, case affixes and function words [H‑2‑8]
[H‑3] Case of nominal predicate Nominative [H‑3‑4]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑6] Means of expressing spatial relations Noun affixes, adverbs of place, and prepositions [H‑6‑18]
[H‑9] Secondary cases Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑1] Voice forms expression Auxiliary verb and affixes [I‑1‑6]
[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5] Tense forms Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Auxiliary verbs and affixes [I‑7‑3]
[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Tense, person and number [I‑8‑8]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Absent [I‑10‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑1] Pronominal words Pronominal adverbs, adjectives and nouns [J‑1‑10]
[J‑2] Expression of deictic categories Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions [J‑2‑39]
[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Pronouns and adverbs [J‑4‑6]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Special form of class marker [J‑5‑6]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Articles, prepositions, and pronouns [J‑6‑26]
[J‑7] Expression of politeness In verb phrase and in pronouns [J‑7‑6]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative particles and negative verbs [J‑8‑7]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Preposition [J‑9‑3]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2] Article types Only indefinite [K‑2‑2]
[K‑4] Article place Postposition [K‑4‑2]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Four types of conjugation [K‑7‑4]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑9] Agreement categories expressed in participle Number and case [K‑9‑8]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Present, past and future [K‑10‑10]
[K‑11] Adverb grammar categories Absent [K‑11‑1]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Number and case [K‑12‑8]
[K‑13] Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective Number and case [K‑13‑4]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Number and case [K‑17‑6]
[K‑18] Inflection means Affixes [K‑18‑2]
[K‑19] Word form model Prefixal-suffixal [K‑19‑1]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation and compounding [L‑1‑12]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑3]

Simple sentence

[M‑2] Word order fixedness Non-fixed [M‑2‑2]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SVO/ VSO [M‑3‑6]

Complex sentence

No filled features for this language.

Unfilled features

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