Volume 11. Romance languages
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Indo-European → Italic → Romance → Italo-Western → Italo-Romance
Main country: France (show on the map)
Map designer: Yuri Koryakov
[A‑1] | Number of degrees of vowel height | Three [A‑1‑2] | ||
[A‑2] | Vowel height degrees | Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3] | ||
[A‑210] | Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees | Mid [A‑210‑2] | ||
[A‑3] | Degrees of vowel backness | Front, central and back [A‑3‑4] | ||
[A‑4] | Number of length degrees | No length degrees [A‑4‑1] | ||
[A‑5] | Vowel opposition in labialization | No vowel opposition in labialization [A‑5‑1] | ||
[A‑6] | Vowel opposition in nasalization | No vowel opposition in nasalization [A‑6‑1] | ||
[A‑9] | Diphthongs and triphthongs | No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑9‑1] | ||
[A‑11] | Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features | Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑11‑1] | ||
[A‑12] | Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation | Plosives, fricatives and affricates [A‑12‑3] | ||
[A‑13] | Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation | Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑13‑3] | ||
[A‑14] | Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation | Bilabial and labiodental [A‑14‑2] | ||
[A‑15] | Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation | Dental, alveolar and alveo-palatal [A‑15‑27] | ||
[A‑16] | Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation | Velar and uvular [A‑16‑5] | ||
[A‑18] | Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents | By palatalization [A‑18‑4] | ||
[A‑19] | Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation | Nasal, liquid and vibrant [A‑19‑2] |
[B‑1] | Stress character | Non-phonological [B‑1‑3] | ||
[B‑2] | Stress type | Dynamic [B‑2‑1] | ||
[B‑3] | Stress carrier | Syllable [B‑3‑1] | ||
[B‑4] | Stress fixedness | Movable fixed [B‑4‑3] | ||
[B‑9] | Length character | Non-phonological and rhythmic [B‑9‑6] | ||
[B‑14] | Types of phonation | Stiff voice and slack voice [B‑14‑2] |
[C‑2] | Syllable coda | Most syllables have a null coda [C‑2‑4] |
[D‑7] | Functional type of alternations | Accompanying and distinctive [D‑7‑4] | ||
[D‑8] | Type of altenations | Vowel and consonant alternations [D‑8‑6] |
[E‑1] | Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word | Fusional [E‑1‑3] | ||
[E‑2] | Fusional type features | Phonetically unconditioned stem alternations and cumulative affixes [E‑2‑7] | ||
[E‑4] | Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion | Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6] |
[F‑1] | Number of agreement classes | Two [F‑1‑2] | ||
[F‑2] | Morphological expression of agreement classes | Articles [F‑2‑1] | ||
[F‑3] | Syntactic expression of agreement classes | Adjectives, numerals, pronouns, and articles [F‑3‑20] | ||
[F‑5] | Attributive agreement in gender | In singular and in plural [F‑5‑2] | ||
[F‑6] | Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender | For "one", "two" [F‑6‑4] | ||
[F‑7] | Nouns classifying categories | Absent [F‑7‑1] | ||
[F‑8] | Opposition by person/non-person | Lexical and syntactic [F‑8‑5] | ||
[F‑9] | Expression of animacy/inanimacy | Lexical [F‑9‑1] |
[G‑1] | Number in nouns | Singular and plural [G‑1‑1] | ||
[G‑3] | Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs | Neutral and polite [G‑3‑2] | ||
[G‑4] | Agreement in number | Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4] | ||
[G‑5] | Form of a noun in numeral phrases | Singular and plural [G‑5‑3] | ||
[G‑6] | Numeral system | Decimal [G‑6‑1] |
[H‑1] | Number of noun cases | No case [H‑1‑6] | ||
[H‑5] | Other means of expressing possessive relations | Possessive pronouns [H‑5‑4] | ||
[H‑6] | Means of expressing spatial relations | Adverbs and pronouns [H‑6‑32] |
[I‑5] | Tense forms | Past [I‑5‑1] | ||
[I‑5] | Tense forms | Present [I‑5‑2] | ||
[I‑5] | Tense forms | Future [I‑5‑3] | ||
[I‑6] | Aspect and tense expression | Syncretic [I‑6‑2] | ||
[I‑7] | Expression of tense categories | Affixes [I‑7‑1] | ||
[I‑8] | Syncretic expression of several verb meanings | Person, number, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑17] | ||
[I‑9] | Marking of person in present tense verbs | In singular and plural [I‑9‑3] |
[J‑1] | Pronominal words | Pronominal adjectives [J‑1‑5] | ||
[J‑2] | Expression of deictic categories | Demonstrative pronouns and articles [J‑2‑12] | ||
[J‑3] | Function words expressing spatial orientation of action | Prepositions [J‑3‑3] | ||
[J‑4] | Content words expressing spatial orientation of action | Pronouns and adverbs [J‑4‑6] | ||
[J‑5] | Morphological expression of (in)definiteness | Absent [J‑5‑1] | ||
[J‑6] | Words expressing (in)definiteness | Articles [J‑6‑1] | ||
[J‑7] | Expression of politeness | In verb phrase and in pronouns [J‑7‑6] | ||
[J‑8] | Expression of negation | Negative particles [J‑8‑3] | ||
[J‑9] | Negation marker position | Preposition [J‑9‑3] |
[K‑1] | Personal pronouns inflection | Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3] | ||
[K‑2] | Article types | Definite and indefinite [K‑2‑4] | ||
[K‑3] | Indefinite article and numeral 'one' | Same [K‑3‑1] | ||
[K‑4] | Article place | Preposition [K‑4‑1] | ||
[K‑5] | Position of article in noun phrase | Single article preceding the phrase [K‑5‑1] | ||
[K‑6] | Grammar categories of article | Definiteness, gender and number [K‑6‑9] | ||
[K‑7] | Number of conjugation types | Three types of conjugation [K‑7‑3] | ||
[K‑8] | Verb agreement types | Subject [K‑8‑2] | ||
[K‑10] | Tense expressed by participle | Present and past [K‑10‑6] | ||
[K‑11] | Adverb grammar categories | Degrees of comparison [K‑11‑2] | ||
[K‑12] | Agreement categories expressed in adjective | Gender and number [K‑12‑7] | ||
[K‑13] | Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective | Gender and number [K‑13‑5] | ||
[K‑14] | Attribute agreement of adjectives | Always present [K‑14‑1] | ||
[K‑15] | Attributive agreement types | In number [K‑15‑2] | ||
[K‑15] | Attributive agreement types | In gender [K‑15‑4] | ||
[K‑16] | Inflectional categories of noun | Number [K‑16‑4] | ||
[K‑17] | Cumulative expression of several categories in noun | Number and gender / agreement class [K‑17‑7] | ||
[K‑18] | Inflection means | Affixes [K‑18‑2] | ||
[K‑19] | Word form model | Prefixal-suffixal [K‑19‑1] |
[L‑1] | Word formation means | Derivation and compounding [L‑1‑12] | ||
[L‑2] | Derivation affixes | Infixes, prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑7] |
[M‑1] | Morphosyntactic alignment | Accusative [M‑1‑3] | ||
[M‑2] | Word order fixedness | Relatively free [M‑2‑3] | ||
[M‑4] | Order of nouns and its modifier | Not fixed [M‑4‑3] | ||
[M‑5] | Pro-drop | Possible [M‑5‑1] |
[N‑3] | Dependent clause predicate | Both finite and non-finite forms possible [N‑3‑3] | ||
[N‑4] | Compound sentence types | Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4] | ||
[N‑5] | Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton | Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3] |