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Frisian language

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Genealogy

Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → Anglo-Frisian

Geography

Main country: Netherlands (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑210] Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees Mid [A‑210‑2]
[A‑3] Degrees of vowel backness Front, central and back [A‑3‑4]
[A‑4] Number of length degrees Two [A‑4‑2]
[A‑5] Vowel opposition in labialization Present for front and central vowels [A‑5‑5]
[A‑6] Vowel opposition in nasalization No vowel opposition in nasalization [A‑6‑1]
[A‑9] Diphthongs and triphthongs Both diphthongs and triphthongs present [A‑9‑3]
[A‑10] Types of diphthongs Rising (ascending) and falling (descending) [A‑10‑3]
[A‑11] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, fricatives and affricates [A‑12‑3]
[A‑13] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, guttural and postuvular [A‑13‑5]
[A‑14] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑14‑2]
[A‑15] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Dental and alveolar [A‑15‑6]
[A‑16] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar [A‑16‑1]
[A‑17] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Only pharyngeal [A‑17‑1]
[A‑18] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents Absent [A‑18‑1]
[A‑19] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑20‑17]
[A‑21] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑21‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑2] Stress type Dynamic [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3] Stress carrier Syllable [B‑3‑1]
[B‑4] Stress fixedness Movable fixed [B‑4‑3]
[B‑5] Fixed stress carrier First syllable of word [B‑5‑1]
[B‑9] Length character Phonological [B‑9‑1]
[B‑14] Types of phonation Aspirated voice [B‑14‑7]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑5]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null ocoda possible [C‑2‑5]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the initial position Limited set of consonants and vowels possible [D‑1‑7]
[D‑2] Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the final position Limited set of consonants possible [D‑2‑5]
[D‑5] Differences between native and borrowed words No differences [D‑5‑1]
[D‑6] Differences between roots and affixes Differences in phonetic structure, in syllable structure and accentuation [D‑6‑6]
[D‑7] Functional type of alternations Accompanying and distinctive [D‑7‑4]
[D‑8] Type of altenations Vowel and consonant alternations [D‑8‑6]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Fusional with some agglutinative features [E‑1‑4]
[E‑2] Fusional type features Internal flection and cumulative flections [E‑2‑10]
[E‑3] Agglutinative type features One flection can only express one meaning, single inflection/conjugation type, no phonetic alternations in morphemes, basic form bare stem [E‑3‑6]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes Two [F‑1‑2]
[F‑2] Morphological expression of agreement classes Articles [F‑2‑1]
[F‑5] Attributive agreement in gender Only in singular [F‑5‑1]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Absent [F‑7‑1]
[F‑8] Opposition by person/non-person Lexical and syntactic [F‑8‑5]
[F‑9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy Lexical and syntactic [F‑9‑4]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Neutral and polite [G‑3‑2]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Singular and plural [G‑5‑3]
[G‑6] Numeral system Decimal [G‑6‑1]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases One-two [H‑1‑1]
[H‑2] Subject and object marking Subject and object personal pronouns, prepositions, and verbal agreement [H‑2‑17]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Possessive [H‑4‑4]
[H‑5] Other means of expressing possessive relations Possessive pronouns and prepositions [H‑5‑19]
[H‑8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns Same [H‑8‑1]
[H‑9] Secondary cases Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑1] Voice forms expression Auxiliary verb + participle [I‑1‑18]
[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5] Tense forms Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Auxiliary verbs and affixes [I‑7‑3]
[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Person, number, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑17]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs Only in singular [I‑9‑2]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Absent [I‑10‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑1] Pronominal words Pronominal adverbs, adjectives and nouns [J‑1‑10]
[J‑2] Expression of deictic categories Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, pronominal adverbs, and articles [J‑2‑41]
[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Pronouns and adverbs [J‑4‑6]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Articles [J‑6‑1]
[J‑7] Expression of politeness In verb phrase and in pronouns [J‑7‑6]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative particles, pronouns and adverbs [J‑8‑15]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Preposition and postposition [J‑9‑9]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2] Article types Definite and indefinite [K‑2‑4]
[K‑3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one' Same [K‑3‑1]
[K‑4] Article place Preposition [K‑4‑1]
[K‑5] Position of article in noun phrase Single article preceding the phrase [K‑5‑1]
[K‑6] Grammar categories of article Definiteness, gender and number [K‑6‑9]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Three types of conjugation [K‑7‑3]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑9] Agreement categories expressed in participle Absent [K‑9‑1]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Present and past [K‑10‑6]
[K‑11] Adverb grammar categories Degrees of comparison [K‑11‑2]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Gender, number and definiteness [K‑12‑11]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In (in)definiteness [K‑15‑8]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑18] Inflection means Internal flection and affixes [K‑18‑5]
[K‑19] Word form model Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation, compounding and abbreviation [L‑1‑14]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Infixes, prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑7]

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Accusative [M‑1‑3]
[M‑2] Word order fixedness Relatively free [M‑2‑3]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SVO [M‑3‑1]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]
[M‑5] Pro-drop Impossible [M‑5‑2]

Complex sentence

[N‑1] Clauses order in compound sentence Not fixed [N‑1‑3]
[N‑2] Dependent clause distinctions in complex sentences Special word order [N‑2‑3]
[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information