Garwi language

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Abasin Kohistani

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Volume 8. Dardic and Nuristani languages
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Dardic

Geography

Main country: Pakistan (show on the map)

Identifiers

Glottolog: kala1373
ISO-639-3: gwc

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑4]	Number of length degrees	Two [A‑4‑2]
[A‑11]	Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features	Opposition by voice presence/absence and by aspiration [A‑11‑6]
[A‑13]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and postuvular [A‑13‑2]
[A‑14]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Bilabial and labiodental [A‑14‑2]
[A‑16]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar and uvular [A‑16‑5]
[A‑17]	Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation	Only laryngeal [A‑17‑4]
[A‑18]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	Absent [A‑18‑1]
[A‑19]	Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation	Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑20‑17]
[A‑21]	Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants	Absent [A‑21‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1]	Stress character	Phonological and non-phonological [B‑1‑4]
[B‑2]	Stress type	Dynamic [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3]	Stress carrier	Syllable [B‑3‑1]
[B‑6]	Number of tone levels	More than three [B‑6‑3]
[B‑9]	Length character	Phonological [B‑9‑1]

Syllable

[C‑2]

Syllable coda

Both null and non-null ocoda possible [C‑2‑5]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑7]	Functional type of alternations	Distinctive [D‑7‑3]
[D‑8]	Type of altenations	Vowel alternations [D‑8‑1]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Fusional-agglutinative [E‑1‑5]
[E‑2]	Fusional type features	Internal flection [E‑2‑1]
[E‑4]	Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion	Analytic with elements of synthetism [E‑4‑3]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1]	Number of agreement classes	Two [F‑1‑2]
[F‑2]	Morphological expression of agreement classes	Umlaut [F‑2‑2]
[F‑5]	Attributive agreement in gender	Only in singular [F‑5‑1]

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑4]	Agreement in number	Attributive [G‑4‑3]
[G‑5]	Form of a noun in numeral phrases	Singular and plural [G‑5‑3]
[G‑6]	Numeral system	Vigesimal [G‑6‑6]

Case meanings

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑4]	Case marking of possessive relations	Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑9]	Secondary cases	Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑5]	Tense forms	Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Non-past [I‑5‑5]
[I‑6]	Aspect and tense expression	Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑10]	Transitivity marker	Special type of agreement [I‑10‑5]

Deictic categories

[J‑1]	Pronominal words	Pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives [J‑1‑11]
[J‑2]	Expression of deictic categories	Demonstrative pronouns and postpositions [J‑2‑15]
[J‑3]	Function words expressing spatial orientation of action	Postpositions [J‑3‑2]
[J‑4]	Content words expressing spatial orientation of action	Pronouns [J‑4‑4]
[J‑6]	Words expressing (in)definiteness	Pronouns [J‑6‑2]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑8]	Verb agreement types	Subject and object [K‑8‑3]
[K‑12]	Agreement categories expressed in adjective	Gender [K‑12‑5]
[K‑13]	Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective	Absent [K‑13‑1]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In gender [K‑15‑4]

Word formation

No filled features for this language.

Simple sentence

[M‑1]	Morphosyntactic alignment	Accusative with elements of ergativity [M‑1‑7]
[M‑3]	Dominant word order	SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4]	Order of nouns and its modifier	Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

Complex sentence