Hindko language

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Volume 17. New Indo-Aryan languages
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Northwestern Indo-Aryan

Geography

Main country: Pakistan (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

New Indo-Aryan languages: Northwest

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Glottolog: nort2662, sout2668
ISO-639-3: hnd, hno

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1]	Number of degrees of vowel height	Two [A‑1‑1]
[A‑2]	Vowel height degrees	Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑3]	Degrees of vowel backness	Front, central and back [A‑3‑4]
[A‑4]	Number of length degrees	Two [A‑4‑2]
[A‑5]	Vowel opposition in labialization	No vowel opposition in labialization [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6]	Vowel opposition in nasalization	Present for front, central and back vowels [A‑6‑4]
[A‑7]	Vowel opposition in pharyngealization	No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8]	Vowel opposition in ATR	No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑8‑1]
[A‑9]	Diphthongs and triphthongs	No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑9‑1]
[A‑11]	Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features	Opposition by voice presence/absence, ejectives present [A‑11‑7]
[A‑12]	Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation	Plosives, fricatives and affricates [A‑12‑3]
[A‑13]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and postuvular [A‑13‑2]
[A‑14]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Bilabial and labiodental [A‑14‑2]
[A‑15]	Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation	Alveolar, retroflex and alveopalatal [A‑15‑18]
[A‑16]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar and uvular [A‑16‑5]
[A‑17]	Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation	Only glottal [A‑17‑2]
[A‑18]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	Absent [A‑18‑1]
[A‑19]	Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation	Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑19‑6]
[A‑21]	Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants	By aspiration [A‑21‑19]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑6]	Number of tone levels	Two [B‑6‑1]
[B‑7]	Contour tone characteristics	Flat, rising and falling [B‑7‑7]
[B‑8]	Tone carrier	Syllable [B‑8‑1]
[B‑9]	Length character	Phonological [B‑9‑1]
[B‑13]	Other suprasegmental phenomena	Nasalization [B‑13‑1]

Syllable

[C‑1]	Syllable onset	Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑5]
[C‑2]	Syllable coda	Both null and non-null ocoda possible [C‑2‑5]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑1]	Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the initial position	Limited set of consonants and vowels possible [D‑1‑7]
[D‑2]	Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the final position	Limited set of vowels possible [D‑2‑4]
[D‑8]	Type of altenations	Vowel and consonant alternations [D‑8‑6]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]

Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word

Fusional [E‑1‑3]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1]	Number of agreement classes	Two [F‑1‑2]
[F‑3]	Syntactic expression of agreement classes	Adjectives and verbs [F‑3‑12]
[F‑5]	Attributive agreement in gender	In singular and in plural [F‑5‑2]
[F‑7]	Nouns classifying categories	Class [F‑7‑5]

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑4]	Agreement in number	Attributive [G‑4‑3]

Case meanings

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑2]	Subject and object marking	Verbal agreement and function words [H‑2‑6]
[H‑6]	Means of expressing spatial relations	Postpositions [H‑6‑5]

Verbal categories

[I‑5]	Tense forms	Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑6]	Aspect and tense expression	Separate [I‑6‑1]
[I‑7]	Expression of tense categories	Auxiliary verbs and affixes [I‑7‑3]
[I‑9]	Marking of person in present tense verbs	In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]
[I‑10]	Transitivity marker	Absent [I‑10‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑1]	Pronominal words	Pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives [J‑1‑11]
[J‑5]	Morphological expression of (in)definiteness	Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑8]	Expression of negation	Negative particles [J‑8‑3]
[J‑9]	Negation marker position	Preposition [J‑9‑3]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1]	Personal pronouns inflection	Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑7]	Number of conjugation types	Single type of conjugation [K‑7‑1]
[K‑8]	Verb agreement types	Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑9]	Agreement categories expressed in participle	Gender and number [K‑9‑6]
[K‑12]	Agreement categories expressed in adjective	Gender and number [K‑12‑7]
[K‑13]	Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective	Gender and number [K‑13‑5]
[K‑14]	Attribute agreement of adjectives	Always present [K‑14‑1]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑16]	Inflectional categories of noun	Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17]	Cumulative expression of several categories in noun	Gender / agreement class, number and case [K‑17‑11]
[K‑18]	Inflection means	Affixes [K‑18‑2]

Word formation

[L‑1]	Word formation means	Derivation [L‑1‑6]
[L‑2]	Derivation affixes	Suffixes [L‑2‑2]

Simple sentence

[M‑1]	Morphosyntactic alignment	Ergative with elements of accusative [M‑1‑9]
[M‑2]	Word order fixedness	Non-fixed [M‑2‑2]
[M‑3]	Dominant word order	SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4]	Order of nouns and its modifier	Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

Complex sentence

No filled features for this language.

Unfilled features