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Hittite language †

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Nesite, Neshite

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PDFVolume 20. Relict Indo-European languages of the West and Central Asia
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Anatolian

Geography

Main country: Turkey (show on the map)

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑3] Degrees of vowel backness Front, central and back [A‑3‑4]
[A‑4] Number of length degrees Two [A‑4‑2]
[A‑5] Vowel opposition in labialization Present for front and back vowels [A‑5‑6]
[A‑6] Vowel opposition in nasalization No vowel opposition in nasalization [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8] Vowel opposition in ATR No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑8‑1]
[A‑9] Diphthongs and triphthongs Only diphthongs present [A‑9‑2]
[A‑10] Types of diphthongs Rising (ascending) and falling (descending) [A‑10‑3]
[A‑11] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Geminated consonants present [A‑11‑5]
[A‑12] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, fricatives and affricates [A‑12‑3]
[A‑13] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑13‑3]
[A‑14] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Only bilabial [A‑14‑1]
[A‑15] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Dental-alveolar [A‑15‑23]
[A‑16] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar and labiovelar [A‑16‑4]
[A‑18] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents By labialization [A‑18‑2]
[A‑19] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal and dorsal [A‑20‑14]
[A‑21] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants By intensity [A‑21‑5]

Prosodic phenomena

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑5]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null ocoda possible [C‑2‑5]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑4] Differences between content and function words No differences [D‑4‑1]
[D‑7] Functional type of alternations Accompanying and distinctive [D‑7‑4]
[D‑8] Type of altenations Vowel, consonant, mixed, and phoneme complex alternations [D‑8‑10]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Fusional [E‑1‑3]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑5] Attributive agreement in gender In singular and in plural [F‑5‑2]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Person/non-person and animacy/inanimacy [F‑7‑4]
[F‑8] Opposition by person/non-person Lexical and morphological [F‑8‑4]
[F‑9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy Morphological [F‑9‑2]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Marked [G‑2‑1]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]
[G‑6] Numeral system Decimal [G‑6‑1]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Eight-twelve [H‑1‑3]
[H‑2] Subject and object marking Verbal agreement and case affixes [H‑2‑5]
[H‑3] Case of nominal predicate Nominative [H‑3‑4]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑6] Means of expressing spatial relations Noun affixes, preverbs and postpositions [H‑6‑19]
[H‑8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns Different [H‑8‑2]
[H‑9] Secondary cases Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑1] Voice forms expression Auxiliary verb, affixes and function words [I‑1‑9]
[I‑2] Voice stacking in the same verb form Present [I‑2‑1]
[I‑4] Voice forms coincidence Middle and passive [I‑4‑3]
[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Non-past [I‑5‑5]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Affixes [I‑7‑1]
[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Tense, person and number [I‑8‑8]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Absent [I‑10‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑1] Pronominal words Pronominal adjectives [J‑1‑5]
[J‑2] Expression of deictic categories Demonstrative pronouns [J‑2‑1]
[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Adverbs [J‑4‑3]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Pronouns [J‑6‑2]
[J‑7] Expression of politeness In verb phrase and in pronouns [J‑7‑6]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative pronouns and negative particles [J‑8‑6]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Preposition [J‑9‑3]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2] Article types No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑9] Agreement categories expressed in participle Gender, number and case [K‑9‑7]
[K‑11] Adverb grammar categories Degrees of comparison [K‑11‑2]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Gender, number and case [K‑12‑10]
[K‑13] Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective Gender, number and case [K‑13‑7]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Always present [K‑14‑1]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In case [K‑15‑3]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Number and case [K‑17‑6]
[K‑18] Inflection means Reduplication, internal flection and affixes [K‑18‑11]
[K‑19] Word form model Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation, conversion, reduplication, compounding and abbreviation [L‑1‑23]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Infixes, prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑7]
[L‑3] Stems relations in stem compounding Coordination and subordination [L‑3‑3]

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Accusative with elements of ergativity [M‑1‑7]
[M‑2] Word order fixedness Fixed [M‑2‑1]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

Complex sentence

[N‑3] Dependent clause predicate Both finite and non-finite forms possible [N‑3‑3]
[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

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