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Jewish Palestinian Aramaic language †

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PDFVolume 15. Semitic Languages. Akkadian. Northwest Semitic
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Genealogy

Afroasiatic → Semitic → West Semitic → Central Semitic → Northwest Semitic → Aramaic

Geography

Main country: Israel (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑3] Degrees of vowel backness Front, central and back [A‑3‑4]
[A‑11] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives and fricatives [A‑12‑1]
[A‑13] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, guttural and postuvular [A‑13‑5]
[A‑14] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Only bilabial [A‑14‑1]
[A‑15] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Dental and alveolar [A‑15‑6]
[A‑16] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar [A‑16‑1]
[A‑17] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Both pharyngeal and glottal [A‑17‑3]
[A‑18] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents Absent [A‑18‑1]
[A‑19] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal and dorsal [A‑20‑14]
[A‑21] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑21‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑3] Stress carrier Syllable [B‑3‑1]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Most syllables have a non-null onset [C‑1‑3]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null ocoda possible [C‑2‑5]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the initial position No consonant clusters [D‑1‑6]
[D‑6] Differences between roots and affixes Differences in phonetic structure [D‑6‑2]
[D‑7] Functional type of alternations Accompanying [D‑7‑2]
[D‑8] Type of altenations Vowel alternations [D‑8‑1]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Fusional [E‑1‑3]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes Two [F‑1‑2]
[F‑3] Syntactic expression of agreement classes Pronouns, adjectives, and verbs [F‑3‑9]
[F‑6] Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender Always present [F‑6‑2]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Absent [F‑7‑1]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Absent [G‑3‑1]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]

Case meanings

[H‑2] Subject and object marking Verbal agreement and function words [H‑2‑6]
[H‑5] Other means of expressing possessive relations Apposition, pronouns and pronominal enclitics [H‑5‑13]
[H‑6] Means of expressing spatial relations Prepositions [H‑6‑6]

Verbal categories

[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Auxiliary verbs and affixes [I‑7‑3]

Deictic categories

[J‑3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action Prepositions [J‑3‑3]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Articles [J‑6‑1]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative particles [J‑8‑3]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Preposition [J‑9‑3]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronouns are not inflected [K‑1‑1]
[K‑2] Article types Only definite [K‑2‑3]
[K‑4] Article place Postposition [K‑4‑2]
[K‑5] Position of article in noun phrase Articles preceding each word [K‑5‑2]
[K‑6] Grammar categories of article Definiteness [K‑6‑2]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Gender and number [K‑12‑7]
[K‑13] Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective Agreement class and state [K‑13‑9]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Always present [K‑14‑1]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In state [K‑15‑9]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun (In)definiteness, number and state [K‑16‑12]
[K‑18] Inflection means Internal flection and affixes [K‑18‑5]
[K‑19] Word form model Prefixal-suffixal [K‑19‑1]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation [L‑1‑6]

Simple sentence

[M‑3] Dominant word order SVO [M‑3‑1]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier follows noun [M‑4‑2]
[M‑5] Pro-drop Possible [M‑5‑1]

Complex sentence

[N‑3] Dependent clause predicate Both finite and non-finite forms possible [N‑3‑3]
[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Syndesis dominant [N‑5‑1]

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