Kashmiri language

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Koshur

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Volume 8. Dardic and Nuristani languages
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Dardic

Geography

Main country: India (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

New Indo-Aryan languages: Northwest

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Glottolog: kash1277
ISO-639-3: kas

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1]	Number of degrees of vowel height	Five [A‑1‑4]
[A‑3]	Degrees of vowel backness	Central and back [A‑3‑3]
[A‑4]	Number of length degrees	Two [A‑4‑2]
[A‑13]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and postuvular [A‑13‑2]
[A‑14]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Only bilabial [A‑14‑1]
[A‑16]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar [A‑16‑1]
[A‑17]	Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation	Only laryngeal [A‑17‑4]
[A‑18]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	Absent [A‑18‑1]
[A‑19]	Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation	Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Labial, coronal and dorsal [A‑20‑14]
[A‑21]	Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants	Absent [A‑21‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑3]	Stress carrier	Syllable [B‑3‑1]
[B‑6]	Number of tone levels	No tones [B‑6‑4]
[B‑9]	Length character	Phonological [B‑9‑1]
[B‑10]	Target of vowel harmony	Phoneme [B‑10‑1]
[B‑11]	Feature of vowel harmony	Backness [B‑11‑2]
[B‑12]	Trigger of vowel harmony	Vowel of flection [B‑12‑11]

Syllable

[C‑1]	Syllable onset	Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑5]
[C‑2]	Syllable coda	Both null and non-null ocoda possible [C‑2‑5]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑1]	Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the initial position	No consonant clusters [D‑1‑6]
[D‑2]	Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the final position	No consonant clusters [D‑2‑7]
[D‑4]	Differences between content and function words	Differences in phonetic structure and accentual differences [D‑4‑5]
[D‑6]	Differences between roots and affixes	Differences in phonetic structure [D‑6‑2]
[D‑7]	Functional type of alternations	Accompanying [D‑7‑2]
[D‑8]	Type of altenations	Vowel, consonant, and phoneme complex alternations [D‑8‑11]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Fusional with some agglutinative features [E‑1‑4]
[E‑4]	Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion	Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1]	Number of agreement classes	Two [F‑1‑2]
[F‑3]	Syntactic expression of agreement classes	Adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, and participles [F‑3‑17]
[F‑4]	Other means of expressing agreement classes	Numeral classifiers [F‑4‑2]
[F‑5]	Attributive agreement in gender	In singular and in plural [F‑5‑2]
[F‑6]	Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender	Absent [F‑6‑1]
[F‑7]	Nouns classifying categories	Person/non-person and animacy/inanimacy [F‑7‑4]
[F‑8]	Opposition by person/non-person	Lexical, morphological and syntactic [F‑8‑7]
[F‑9]	Expression of animacy/inanimacy	Lexical, morphological, and syntactic [F‑9‑7]

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2]	Single number marking	Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑4]	Agreement in number	Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]
[G‑5]	Form of a noun in numeral phrases	Singular and plural [G‑5‑3]
[G‑6]	Numeral system	Decimal [G‑6‑1]

Case meanings

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑4]	Case marking of possessive relations	Oblique [H‑4‑5]
[H‑8]	Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns	Different [H‑8‑2]
[H‑9]	Secondary cases	Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑5]	Tense forms	Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Non-past [I‑5‑5]
[I‑6]	Aspect and tense expression	Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑8]	Syncretic expression of several verb meanings	Person, number, gender, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑19]
[I‑9]	Marking of person in present tense verbs	In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]

Deictic categories

[J‑1]	Pronominal words	Pronominal adverbs, adjectives and nouns [J‑1‑10]
[J‑2]	Expression of deictic categories	Demonstrative pronouns [J‑2‑1]
[J‑3]	Function words expressing spatial orientation of action	Postpositions [J‑3‑2]
[J‑4]	Content words expressing spatial orientation of action	Pronouns and adverbs [J‑4‑6]
[J‑5]	Morphological expression of (in)definiteness	Different cases for definite and indefinite objects [J‑5‑10]
[J‑6]	Words expressing (in)definiteness	Numerals and pronouns [J‑6‑16]
[J‑9]	Negation marker position	Preposition and postposition [J‑9‑9]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1]	Personal pronouns inflection	Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2]	Article types	No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑7]	Number of conjugation types	Three types of conjugation [K‑7‑3]
[K‑9]	Agreement categories expressed in participle	Gender and number [K‑9‑6]
[K‑10]	Tense expressed by participle	Present and past [K‑10‑6]
[K‑12]	Agreement categories expressed in adjective	Gender, number and case [K‑12‑10]
[K‑13]	Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective	Gender, number and case [K‑13‑7]
[K‑14]	Attribute agreement of adjectives	Always present [K‑14‑1]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In case [K‑15‑3]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑19]	Word form model	Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1]	Word formation means	Derivation and compounding [L‑1‑12]
[L‑2]	Derivation affixes	Suffixes [L‑2‑2]

Simple sentence

[M‑1]	Morphosyntactic alignment	Accusative with elements of ergativity [M‑1‑7]
[M‑3]	Dominant word order	SVO [M‑3‑1]
[M‑4]	Order of nouns and its modifier	Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

Complex sentence

[N‑4]	Compound sentence types	Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5]	Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton	Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

Unfilled features