Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Kamkata-Vari, Bashgali
Volume 8. Dardic and Nuristani languages
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Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Nuristani
Main country: Afghanistan (show on the map)
[A‑1] | Number of degrees of vowel height | Four [A‑1‑3] | ||
[A‑2] | Vowel height degrees | Close, mid-close, mid-open, and open [A‑2‑6] | ||
[A‑3] | Degrees of vowel backness | Front, central and back [A‑3‑4] | ||
[A‑4] | Number of length degrees | No length degrees [A‑4‑1] | ||
[A‑13] | Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation | Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and postuvular [A‑13‑2] | ||
[A‑14] | Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation | Bilabial and labiodental [A‑14‑2] | ||
[A‑16] | Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation | Velar and uvular [A‑16‑5] | ||
[A‑17] | Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation | Only laryngeal [A‑17‑4] | ||
[A‑18] | Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents | By labialization [A‑18‑2] | ||
[A‑19] | Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation | Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑19‑6] | ||
[A‑20] | Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation | Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑20‑17] | ||
[A‑21] | Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants | Absent [A‑21‑1] |
[B‑2] | Stress type | Dynamic [B‑2‑1] | ||
[B‑3] | Stress carrier | Syllable [B‑3‑1] | ||
[B‑9] | Length character | Non-phonological [B‑9‑2] |
No filled features for this language.
[D‑1] | Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the initial position | No restrictions [D‑1‑1] | ||
[D‑2] | Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the final position | No consonant clusters [D‑2‑7] | ||
[D‑4] | Differences between content and function words | No differences [D‑4‑1] | ||
[D‑5] | Differences between native and borrowed words | Differences in phonetic structure [D‑5‑2] | ||
[D‑6] | Differences between roots and affixes | No differences [D‑6‑1] | ||
[D‑7] | Functional type of alternations | Distinctive [D‑7‑3] | ||
[D‑8] | Type of altenations | Vowel and consonant alternations [D‑8‑6] |
[E‑1] | Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word | Fusional with some agglutinative features [E‑1‑4] | ||
[E‑4] | Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion | Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6] |
[F‑1] | Number of agreement classes | Two [F‑1‑2] | ||
[F‑5] | Attributive agreement in gender | Only in singular [F‑5‑1] | ||
[F‑6] | Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender | Absent [F‑6‑1] | ||
[F‑7] | Nouns classifying categories | Person/non-person [F‑7‑2] | ||
[F‑8] | Opposition by person/non-person | Lexical and morphological [F‑8‑4] | ||
[F‑9] | Expression of animacy/inanimacy | Lexical [F‑9‑1] |
[G‑1] | Number in nouns | Singular and plural [G‑1‑1] | ||
[G‑2] | Single number marking | Unmarked [G‑2‑2] | ||
[G‑4] | Agreement in number | Predicative [G‑4‑2] | ||
[G‑5] | Form of a noun in numeral phrases | Singular and plural [G‑5‑3] | ||
[G‑6] | Numeral system | Vigesimal [G‑6‑6] |
[H‑1] | Number of noun cases | One-two [H‑1‑1] | ||
[H‑4] | Case marking of possessive relations | Oblique [H‑4‑5] | ||
[H‑8] | Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns | Same [H‑8‑1] | ||
[H‑9] | Secondary cases | Absent [H‑9‑2] |
[I‑5] | Tense forms | Past [I‑5‑1] | ||
[I‑5] | Tense forms | Present [I‑5‑2] | ||
[I‑5] | Tense forms | Future [I‑5‑3] | ||
[I‑6] | Aspect and tense expression | Syncretic [I‑6‑2] | ||
[I‑8] | Syncretic expression of several verb meanings | Person, number, gender, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑19] | ||
[I‑9] | Marking of person in present tense verbs | In singular and plural [I‑9‑3] | ||
[I‑10] | Transitivity marker | Special type of agreement [I‑10‑5] |
[J‑1] | Pronominal words | Pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives [J‑1‑11] | ||
[J‑3] | Function words expressing spatial orientation of action | Adpositions [J‑3‑9] | ||
[J‑4] | Content words expressing spatial orientation of action | Pronouns and adverbs [J‑4‑6] | ||
[J‑5] | Morphological expression of (in)definiteness | Different cases for definite and indefinite objects [J‑5‑10] | ||
[J‑6] | Words expressing (in)definiteness | Numerals and pronouns [J‑6‑16] | ||
[J‑8] | Expression of negation | Negative particles and negative affixes [J‑8‑9] | ||
[J‑9] | Negation marker position | Preposition and postposition [J‑9‑9] |
[K‑2] | Article types | No articles [K‑2‑1] | ||
[K‑8] | Verb agreement types | Subject and object [K‑8‑3] | ||
[K‑9] | Agreement categories expressed in participle | Gender, number and case [K‑9‑7] | ||
[K‑10] | Tense expressed by participle | Past and future [K‑10‑7] | ||
[K‑11] | Adverb grammar categories | Absent [K‑11‑1] | ||
[K‑12] | Agreement categories expressed in adjective | Gender [K‑12‑5] | ||
[K‑13] | Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective | Absent [K‑13‑1] | ||
[K‑14] | Attribute agreement of adjectives | Always present [K‑14‑1] | ||
[K‑15] | Attributive agreement types | In gender [K‑15‑4] | ||
[K‑19] | Word form model | Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4] |
[L‑2] | Derivation affixes | Prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑3] |
[M‑1] | Morphosyntactic alignment | Nominative and ergative [M‑1‑10] | ||
[M‑2] | Word order fixedness | Relatively free [M‑2‑3] | ||
[M‑3] | Dominant word order | SOV [M‑3‑2] | ||
[M‑4] | Order of nouns and its modifier | Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1] |
[N‑3] | Dependent clause predicate | Finite forms [N‑3‑1] | ||
[N‑4] | Compound sentence types | Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4] | ||
[N‑5] | Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton | Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3] |