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Khakas language

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Genealogy

Altaic → Turkic → Khakas Turkic

Geography

Main country: Russian Federation (show on the map)

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Two [A‑1‑1]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close and open [A‑2‑1]
[A‑3] Degrees of vowel backness Front and back [A‑3‑2]
[A‑4] Number of length degrees Two [A‑4‑2]
[A‑5] Vowel opposition in labialization Present for front and back vowels [A‑5‑6]
[A‑6] Vowel opposition in nasalization No vowel opposition in nasalization [A‑6‑1]
[A‑9] Diphthongs and triphthongs No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑9‑1]
[A‑11] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, fricatives and affricates [A‑12‑3]
[A‑13] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑13‑3]
[A‑14] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑14‑2]
[A‑15] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Dental and alveolar [A‑15‑6]
[A‑16] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar and uvular [A‑16‑5]
[A‑19] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid and vibrant [A‑19‑2]
[A‑20] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal and guttural [A‑20‑16]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑2] Stress type Dynamic [B‑2‑1]
[B‑11] Feature of vowel harmony Backness and roundedness [B‑11‑7]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑5]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null ocoda possible [C‑2‑5]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the initial position No vowel clusters and no consonant clusters [D‑1‑8]
[D‑2] Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the final position No vowel clusters and no consonant clusters [D‑2‑9]
[D‑5] Differences between native and borrowed words Differences in syllable structure [D‑5‑4]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Agglutinative [E‑1‑1]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Absent [F‑7‑1]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Absent [G‑3‑1]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative [G‑4‑2]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Eight-twelve [H‑1‑3]
[H‑2] Subject and object marking Verbal agreement and case affixes [H‑2‑5]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑5] Other means of expressing possessive relations Possessive affixes [H‑5‑3]

Verbal categories

[I‑1] Voice forms expression Affixes [I‑1‑4]
[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5] Tense forms Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Separate [I‑6‑1]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Affixes [I‑7‑1]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Absent [I‑10‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Pronouns [J‑4‑4]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Different case affixes for definite and indefinite objects [J‑5‑9]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Numerals [J‑6‑7]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative particles and negative affixes [J‑8‑9]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Postposition [J‑9‑4]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑2] Article types No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Single type of conjugation [K‑7‑1]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Present, past and future [K‑10‑10]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Absent [K‑12‑1]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Absent [K‑14‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types No attributive agreement [K‑15‑1]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Case, possessivity and number [K‑16‑11]
[K‑18] Inflection means Affixes [K‑18‑2]
[K‑19] Word form model Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation, reduplication and compounding [L‑1‑19]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Suffixes [L‑2‑2]

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Accusative [M‑1‑3]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

Complex sentence

[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

Unfilled features

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