РУС Home About How to Use Languages: List Languages: Map Languages: Genealogy Features Queries
Home About How to Use Languages: List Languages: Map Languages: Genealogy Features Queries (РУС)

Latvian language

Open the encyclopedia PDF (in Russian)

PDFVolume 14. Baltic languages
(The file will be loaded and then opened in a new window or tab on the relevant page)

Genealogy

Indo-European → Baltic

Geography

Main country: Latvia (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑3] Degrees of vowel backness Front, central and back [A‑3‑4]
[A‑4] Number of length degrees Two [A‑4‑2]
[A‑5] Vowel opposition in labialization No vowel opposition in labialization [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6] Vowel opposition in nasalization No vowel opposition in nasalization [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8] Vowel opposition in ATR No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑8‑1]
[A‑9] Diphthongs and triphthongs Only diphthongs present [A‑9‑2]
[A‑10] Types of diphthongs Rising (ascending) and falling (descending) [A‑10‑3]
[A‑11] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, fricatives and affricates [A‑12‑3]
[A‑13] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑13‑3]
[A‑14] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑14‑2]
[A‑15] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Dental and alveolar [A‑15‑6]
[A‑16] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar and uvular [A‑16‑5]
[A‑18] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents Absent [A‑18‑1]
[A‑19] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal and dorsal [A‑20‑14]
[A‑21] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑21‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑2] Stress type Dynamic [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3] Stress carrier Syllable [B‑3‑1]
[B‑4] Stress fixedness Movable fixed [B‑4‑3]
[B‑5] Fixed stress carrier First or second syllable [B‑5‑9]
[B‑6] Number of tone levels Two [B‑6‑1]
[B‑7] Contour tone characteristics Rising and falling [B‑7‑3]
[B‑8] Tone carrier Syllable [B‑8‑1]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑5]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null ocoda possible [C‑2‑5]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑4] Differences between content and function words Differences in phonetic structure [D‑4‑2]
[D‑8] Type of altenations Vowel and consonant alternations [D‑8‑6]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Fusional with some agglutinative features [E‑1‑4]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes Two [F‑1‑2]
[F‑2] Morphological expression of agreement classes Verbal affixes [F‑2‑3]
[F‑5] Attributive agreement in gender In singular and in plural [F‑5‑2]
[F‑6] Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender For "one", "two" [F‑6‑4]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Absent [F‑7‑1]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular, dual and plural [G‑1‑2]
[G‑2] Single number marking Marked [G‑2‑1]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Absent [G‑3‑1]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Plural [G‑5‑2]
[G‑6] Numeral system Decimal [G‑6‑1]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑5] Other means of expressing possessive relations Possessive pronouns [H‑5‑4]

Verbal categories

[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5] Tense forms Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Auxiliary verbs and affixes [I‑7‑3]
[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Tense, person and number [I‑8‑8]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]

Deictic categories

[J‑2] Expression of deictic categories Demonstrative pronouns [J‑2‑1]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative affixes [J‑8‑1]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Preposition [J‑9‑3]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑2] Article types No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Three types of conjugation [K‑7‑3]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑9] Agreement categories expressed in participle Gender, number and case [K‑9‑7]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Present and past [K‑10‑6]
[K‑11] Adverb grammar categories Degrees of comparison [K‑11‑2]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Gender, number and case [K‑12‑10]
[K‑13] Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective Gender, number and case [K‑13‑7]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Always present [K‑14‑1]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In case [K‑15‑3]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑19] Word form model Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Conversion, reduplication and compounding [L‑1‑18]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Prefixes, suffixes and postfixes [L‑2‑6]

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Accusative [M‑1‑3]
[M‑2] Word order fixedness Non-fixed [M‑2‑2]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SVO [M‑3‑1]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

Complex sentence

[N‑1] Clauses order in compound sentence Not fixed [N‑1‑3]
[N‑3] Dependent clause predicate Finite forms [N‑3‑1]
[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information

Feature is not applicable to this language