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Lezgian language

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Genealogy

Caucasian → Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic

Geography

Main country: Russian Federation (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑3] Degrees of vowel backness Front and back [A‑3‑2]
[A‑4] Number of length degrees No length degrees [A‑4‑1]
[A‑5] Vowel opposition in labialization Present for front vowels [A‑5‑2]
[A‑6] Vowel opposition in nasalization No vowel opposition in nasalization [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8] Vowel opposition in ATR No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑8‑1]
[A‑9] Diphthongs and triphthongs No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑9‑1]
[A‑11] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Ejectives present [A‑11‑3]
[A‑12] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, fricatives and affricates [A‑12‑3]
[A‑13] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and postuvular [A‑13‑2]
[A‑16] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar and uvular [A‑16‑5]
[A‑17] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Both pharyngeal and glottal [A‑17‑3]
[A‑18] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents Absent [A‑18‑1]
[A‑20] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial and coronal [A‑20‑7]
[A‑21] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑21‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1] Stress character Phonological [B‑1‑2]
[B‑2] Stress type Dynamic [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3] Stress carrier Syllable [B‑3‑1]
[B‑5] Fixed stress carrier Second syllable [B‑5‑3]
[B‑10] Target of vowel harmony No vowel harmony [B‑10‑9]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑5]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null ocoda possible [C‑2‑5]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑8] Type of altenations Vowel alternations [D‑8‑1]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Agglutinative [E‑1‑1]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Absent [F‑7‑1]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Absent [G‑3‑1]
[G‑4] Agreement in number No agreement in number [G‑4‑1]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Singular [G‑5‑1]
[G‑6] Numeral system Vigesimal [G‑6‑6]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Thirteen-twenty [H‑1‑4]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑5] Other means of expressing possessive relations Possessive pronouns [H‑5‑4]
[H‑9] Secondary cases Present [H‑9‑1]

Verbal categories

[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Auxiliary verbs and affixes [I‑7‑3]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs Absent [I‑9‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑2] Expression of deictic categories Demonstrative pronouns [J‑2‑1]
[J‑3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action Preverbs and postpositions [J‑3‑11]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Pronouns [J‑6‑2]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative affixes [J‑8‑1]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Preposition and postposition [J‑9‑9]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Case affixes of pronouns are the same as noun case affixes [K‑1‑2]
[K‑2] Article types No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Single type of conjugation [K‑7‑1]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types No verb agreement [K‑8‑1]
[K‑9] Agreement categories expressed in participle Absent [K‑9‑1]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Past [K‑10‑4]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Absent [K‑12‑1]
[K‑13] Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective Absent [K‑13‑1]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Absent [K‑14‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types No attributive agreement [K‑15‑1]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑18] Inflection means Affixes [K‑18‑2]
[K‑19] Word form model Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation and compounding [L‑1‑12]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑3]

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Ergative [M‑1‑5]
[M‑2] Word order fixedness Non-fixed [M‑2‑2]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]
[M‑5] Pro-drop Impossible [M‑5‑2]

Complex sentence

[N‑1] Clauses order in compound sentence Not fixed [N‑1‑3]
[N‑3] Dependent clause predicate Both finite and non-finite forms possible [N‑3‑3]
[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

Unfilled features

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