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Looma language

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PDFVolume 21. Mande languages
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Genealogy

Mande → Western → Southwestern Mande

Geography

Main country: Liberia (show on the map)

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Four [A‑1‑3]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid-close, mid-open, and open [A‑2‑6]
[A‑3] Degrees of vowel backness Front, central and back [A‑3‑4]
[A‑4] Number of length degrees No length degrees [A‑4‑1]
[A‑5] Vowel opposition in labialization No vowel opposition in labialization [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6] Vowel opposition in nasalization Present for front, central and back vowels [A‑6‑4]
[A‑7] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑7‑1]
[A‑9] Diphthongs and triphthongs No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑9‑1]
[A‑11] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑11‑1]
[A‑13] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑13‑3]
[A‑14] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑14‑2]
[A‑15] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Dental [A‑15‑1]
[A‑16] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar and labiovelar [A‑16‑4]
[A‑18] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents By labialization [A‑18‑2]
[A‑19] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑20‑17]
[A‑21] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑21‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1] Stress character No stress [B‑1‑1]
[B‑6] Number of tone levels Two [B‑6‑1]
[B‑8] Tone carrier Syllable [B‑8‑1]
[B‑9] Length character Non-phonological [B‑9‑2]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑5]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Most syllables have a null coda [C‑2‑4]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the initial position Limitations on consonant sequences [D‑1‑13]
[D‑2] Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the final position Only vowels possible [D‑2‑2]
[D‑3] Characteristics of the syllabic structure of words Mostly monosyllabic and bisyllabic words [D‑3‑5]
[D‑7] Functional type of alternations Accompanying [D‑7‑2]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Agglutinative [E‑1‑1]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]
[F‑5] Attributive agreement in gender Absent [F‑5‑4]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Absent [G‑3‑1]
[G‑4] Agreement in number No agreement in number [G‑4‑1]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Singular and plural [G‑5‑3]
[G‑6] Numeral system Decimal with elements of quinary [G‑6‑8]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases No case [H‑1‑6]
[H‑5] Other means of expressing possessive relations Apposition [H‑5‑7]
[H‑6] Means of expressing spatial relations Noun affixes and postpositions [H‑6‑11]
[H‑9] Secondary cases Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑4] Voice forms coincidence Middle and passive [I‑4‑3]
[I‑5] Tense forms General [I‑5‑6]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Tense, aspect, modality, and polarity [I‑8‑16]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Absent [I‑10‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action Postpositions [J‑3‑2]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Noun affixes [J‑5‑2]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative particles [J‑8‑3]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Preposition [J‑9‑3]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2] Article types Definite and indefinite [K‑2‑4]
[K‑3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one' Different [K‑3‑2]
[K‑4] Article place Preposition and postposition [K‑4‑3]
[K‑5] Position of article in noun phrase Single article preceding the phrase [K‑5‑1]
[K‑6] Grammar categories of article Definiteness [K‑6‑2]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Single type of conjugation [K‑7‑1]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types No verb agreement [K‑8‑1]
[K‑9] Agreement categories expressed in participle Absent [K‑9‑1]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Absent [K‑16‑1]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑19] Word form model Prefixal-suffixal [K‑19‑1]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation, compounding, conversion and reduplication [L‑1‑21]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑3]

Simple sentence

[M‑2] Word order fixedness Fixed [M‑2‑1]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier follows noun [M‑4‑2]

Complex sentence

[N‑1] Clauses order in compound sentence Not fixed [N‑1‑3]
[N‑2] Dependent clause distinctions in complex sentences Special form of predicate [N‑2‑4]
[N‑3] Dependent clause predicate Both finite and non-finite forms possible [N‑3‑3]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Asyndeton dominant [N‑5‑2]

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