РУС Home About How to Use Languages: List Languages: Map Languages: Genealogy Features Queries
Home About How to Use Languages: List Languages: Map Languages: Genealogy Features Queries (РУС)

Munji language

Open the encyclopedia PDF (in Russian)

PDFVolume 7. Iranian languages. III. Eastern Iranian languages
(The file will be loaded and then opened in a new window or tab on the relevant page)

Genealogy

Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Southeastern Iranian

Geography

Main country: Afghanistan (show on the map)

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Four [A‑1‑3]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, close-mid, open-mid and open [A‑2‑5]
[A‑3] Degrees of vowel backness Front, mixed and back [A‑3‑10]
[A‑4] Number of length degrees Two [A‑4‑2]
[A‑5] Vowel opposition in labialization No vowel opposition in labialization [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6] Vowel opposition in nasalization No vowel opposition in nasalization [A‑6‑1]
[A‑9] Diphthongs and triphthongs Diphtongoids (vowels in monosyllabic words) [A‑9‑5]
[A‑11] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑11‑1]
[A‑13] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and postuvular [A‑13‑2]
[A‑14] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑14‑2]
[A‑16] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar and uvular [A‑16‑5]
[A‑17] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Only pharyngeal [A‑17‑1]
[A‑19] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal and dorsal [A‑20‑14]
[A‑21] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants By palatalization [A‑21‑3]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1] Stress character Non-phonological [B‑1‑3]
[B‑2] Stress type Dynamic [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3] Stress carrier Syllable [B‑3‑1]
[B‑4] Stress fixedness Movable fixed [B‑4‑3]
[B‑5] Fixed stress carrier First syllable or ultima [B‑5‑11]
[B‑9] Length character Non-phonological [B‑9‑2]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Most syllables have a non-null onset [C‑1‑3]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Most syllables have a non-null coda [C‑2‑3]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the initial position No restrictions [D‑1‑1]
[D‑2] Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the final position No restrictions [D‑2‑1]
[D‑4] Differences between content and function words Differences in syllable structure and accentual differences [D‑4‑6]
[D‑5] Differences between native and borrowed words Differences in phonetic structure, and in accentuation [D‑5‑8]
[D‑6] Differences between roots and affixes Differences in phonetic structure, in syllable structure and accentuation [D‑6‑6]
[D‑7] Functional type of alternations Accompanying and distinctive [D‑7‑4]
[D‑8] Type of altenations Vowel, consonant and mixed alternations [D‑8‑8]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Fusional [E‑1‑3]
[E‑2] Fusional type features Internal flection and cumulative flections [E‑2‑10]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes Two [F‑1‑2]
[F‑3] Syntactic expression of agreement classes Adjectives, numerals, pronouns, and participles [F‑3‑16]
[F‑5] Attributive agreement in gender Only in singular [F‑5‑1]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative [G‑4‑2]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Singular and plural [G‑5‑3]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑2] Subject and object marking Internal inflection, verbal agreement, and case affixes [H‑2‑7]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Nominative or genitive [H‑4‑7]
[H‑6] Means of expressing spatial relations Noun affixes, adverbs of place, and prepositions [H‑6‑18]
[H‑9] Secondary cases Present [H‑9‑1]

Verbal categories

[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Non-past [I‑5‑5]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Person, number, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑17]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]

Deictic categories

[J‑1] Pronominal words Pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives [J‑1‑11]
[J‑3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action Prepositions [J‑3‑3]
[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Pronouns and adverbs [J‑4‑6]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Numerals and pronouns [J‑6‑16]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative affixes [J‑8‑1]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Preposition [J‑9‑3]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2] Article types Only indefinite [K‑2‑2]
[K‑4] Article place Preposition and postposition [K‑4‑3]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Two types of conjugation [K‑7‑2]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject and object [K‑8‑3]
[K‑9] Agreement categories expressed in participle Gender [K‑9‑4]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Present and past [K‑10‑6]
[K‑11] Adverb grammar categories Absent [K‑11‑1]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Gender and number [K‑12‑7]
[K‑13] Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective Gender and number [K‑13‑5]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑18] Inflection means Affixes [K‑18‑2]
[K‑19] Word form model Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑2] Derivation affixes Prefixes [L‑2‑1]

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Nominative and ergative [M‑1‑10]
[M‑2] Word order fixedness Relatively free [M‑2‑3]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SVO [M‑3‑1]

Complex sentence

[N‑3] Dependent clause predicate Both finite and non-finite forms possible [N‑3‑3]
[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information