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Pashai language

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Pashayi

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PDFVolume 8. Dardic and Nuristani languages
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Dardic

Geography

Main country: Afghanistan (show on the map)

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑11] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by voice presence/absence and by aspiration [A‑11‑6]
[A‑13] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and postuvular [A‑13‑2]
[A‑14] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Only bilabial [A‑14‑1]
[A‑16] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar and uvular [A‑16‑5]
[A‑17] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Only laryngeal [A‑17‑4]
[A‑18] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents Absent [A‑18‑1]
[A‑19] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal and dorsal [A‑20‑14]
[A‑21] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑21‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑2] Stress type Dynamic [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3] Stress carrier Syllable [B‑3‑1]
[B‑5] Fixed stress carrier Ultima [B‑5‑4]
[B‑6] Number of tone levels No tones [B‑6‑4]
[B‑9] Length character Phonological [B‑9‑1]

Syllable

No filled features for this language.

Phonologic structure and phenomena

No filled features for this language.

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Fusional-agglutinative [E‑1‑5]
[E‑3] Agglutinative type features No phonetic alternations in morphemes, basic form bare stem [E‑3‑7]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes Two [F‑1‑2]
[F‑3] Syntactic expression of agreement classes Verbs [F‑3‑2]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Animacy/inanimacy [F‑7‑3]
[F‑8] Opposition by person/non-person Lexical [F‑8‑1]
[F‑9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy Morphological [F‑9‑2]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Singular and plural [G‑5‑3]
[G‑6] Numeral system Vigesimal [G‑6‑6]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑6] Means of expressing spatial relations Pronouns [H‑6‑28]
[H‑8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns Same [H‑8‑1]

Verbal categories

[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5] Tense forms Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Person, number, gender, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑19]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Affix and special type of agreement [I‑10‑8]

Deictic categories

[J‑1] Pronominal words Pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives [J‑1‑11]
[J‑2] Expression of deictic categories Demonstrative pronouns and articles [J‑2‑12]
[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Pronouns [J‑4‑4]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Articles and numerals [J‑6‑15]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2] Article types Only indefinite [K‑2‑2]
[K‑3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one' Different [K‑3‑2]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Two types of conjugation [K‑7‑2]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject and subject-object [K‑8‑4]
[K‑9] Agreement categories expressed in participle Gender and number [K‑9‑6]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Absent [K‑12‑1]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Absent [K‑14‑2]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Number and case [K‑17‑6]
[K‑19] Word form model Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation and compounding [L‑1‑12]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Suffixes [L‑2‑2]

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Accusative with elements of ergativity [M‑1‑7]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

Complex sentence

[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination [N‑4‑2]

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information

The encyclopedia explicitly states lack of data

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