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Romani language

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Gypsy language

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PDFVolume 17. New Indo-Aryan languages
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan

Geography

Main country: Turkey (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑3] Degrees of vowel backness Front, central and back [A‑3‑4]
[A‑4] Number of length degrees No length degrees [A‑4‑1]
[A‑5] Vowel opposition in labialization No vowel opposition in labialization [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6] Vowel opposition in nasalization No vowel opposition in nasalization [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8] Vowel opposition in ATR No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑8‑1]
[A‑9] Diphthongs and triphthongs No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑9‑1]
[A‑11] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by voice presence/absence and by aspiration [A‑11‑6]
[A‑12] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, fricatives and affricates [A‑12‑3]
[A‑13] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, guttural and postuvular [A‑13‑5]
[A‑14] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Only bilabial [A‑14‑1]
[A‑16] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar [A‑16‑1]
[A‑17] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Only glottal [A‑17‑2]
[A‑18] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents By aspiration [A‑18‑13]
[A‑19] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial and coronal [A‑20‑7]
[A‑21] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants By aspiration [A‑21‑19]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1] Stress character Phonological [B‑1‑2]
[B‑2] Stress type Dynamic [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3] Stress carrier Syllable [B‑3‑1]
[B‑4] Stress fixedness Movable flexible [B‑4‑4]
[B‑6] Number of tone levels No tones [B‑6‑4]
[B‑10] Target of vowel harmony No vowel harmony [B‑10‑9]
[B‑13] Other suprasegmental phenomena Palatalization [B‑13‑2]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑5]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null ocoda possible [C‑2‑5]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the initial position No restrictions [D‑1‑1]
[D‑2] Restrictions on the phonemic structure of segment morphemes in the final position No restrictions [D‑2‑1]
[D‑6] Differences between roots and affixes Differences in phonetic structure [D‑6‑2]
[D‑7] Functional type of alternations Accompanying [D‑7‑2]
[D‑8] Type of altenations Vowel and consonant alternations [D‑8‑6]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Fusional-agglutinative [E‑1‑5]
[E‑2] Fusional type features Cumulative affixes [E‑2‑2]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑2] Morphological expression of agreement classes Nominal flections [F‑2‑7]
[F‑5] Attributive agreement in gender Only in singular [F‑5‑1]
[F‑9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy Syntactic [F‑9‑3]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Marked and unmarked [G‑2‑3]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Absent [G‑3‑1]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Eight-twelve [H‑1‑3]
[H‑2] Subject and object marking Verbal agreement and case affixes [H‑2‑5]
[H‑6] Means of expressing spatial relations Noun affixes and prepositions [H‑6‑10]
[H‑8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns Different [H‑8‑2]
[H‑9] Secondary cases Present [H‑9‑1]

Verbal categories

[I‑1] Voice forms expression Affixes [I‑1‑4]
[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5] Tense forms Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Separate [I‑6‑1]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Auxiliary verbs and affixes [I‑7‑3]
[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Tense, person and number [I‑8‑8]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Affix [I‑10‑2]

Deictic categories

[J‑1] Pronominal words Pronominal adjectives [J‑1‑5]
[J‑2] Expression of deictic categories Demonstrative pronouns [J‑2‑1]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Articles [J‑6‑1]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative particles [J‑8‑3]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Preposition and postposition [J‑9‑9]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2] Article types Definite and indefinite [K‑2‑4]
[K‑3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one' Same [K‑3‑1]
[K‑4] Article place Preposition [K‑4‑1]
[K‑5] Position of article in noun phrase Articles preceding each word [K‑5‑2]
[K‑6] Grammar categories of article Definiteness, case, gender and number [K‑6‑11]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Three types of conjugation [K‑7‑3]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑9] Agreement categories expressed in participle Gender, number and case [K‑9‑7]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Past [K‑10‑4]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Gender, number and case [K‑12‑10]
[K‑13] Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective Gender, number and case [K‑13‑7]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Optional [K‑14‑4]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In case [K‑15‑3]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Gender / agreement class, number and case [K‑17‑11]
[K‑18] Inflection means Affixes [K‑18‑2]
[K‑19] Word form model Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Conversion, reduplication and compounding [L‑1‑18]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑3]

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Accusative [M‑1‑3]
[M‑2] Word order fixedness Relatively free [M‑2‑3]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SVO [M‑3‑1]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Preposition or postposition [M‑4‑4]

Complex sentence

[N‑1] Clauses order in compound sentence Not fixed [N‑1‑3]
[N‑3] Dependent clause predicate Finite forms [N‑3‑1]
[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]

Unfilled features

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