Shumashti language

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Shumasht

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Volume 8. Dardic and Nuristani languages
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Dardic

Geography

Main country: Afghanistan (show on the map)

Identifiers

Glottolog: shum1235
ISO-639-3: sts

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑4]	Number of length degrees	Two [A‑4‑2]
[A‑9]	Diphthongs and triphthongs	Only diphthongs present [A‑9‑2]
[A‑10]	Types of diphthongs	Falling (descending) [A‑10‑2]
[A‑11]	Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features	Opposition by voice presence/absence and by aspiration [A‑11‑6]
[A‑13]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and postuvular [A‑13‑2]
[A‑14]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Only bilabial [A‑14‑1]
[A‑16]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar [A‑16‑1]
[A‑17]	Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation	Only laryngeal [A‑17‑4]
[A‑18]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	Absent [A‑18‑1]
[A‑19]	Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation	Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑20‑17]
[A‑21]	Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants	Absent [A‑21‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑9]

Length character

Phonological [B‑9‑1]

Syllable

No filled features for this language.

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑5]

Differences between native and borrowed words

Differences in phonetic structure [D‑5‑2]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Fusional with some agglutinative features [E‑1‑4]
[E‑4]	Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion	Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1]	Number of agreement classes	Two [F‑1‑2]
[F‑3]	Syntactic expression of agreement classes	Adjectives [F‑3‑6]
[F‑5]	Attributive agreement in gender	Only in singular [F‑5‑1]

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2]	Single number marking	Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑4]	Agreement in number	Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]
[G‑5]	Form of a noun in numeral phrases	Singular and plural [G‑5‑3]

Case meanings

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑4]	Case marking of possessive relations	Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑9]	Secondary cases	Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑5]	Tense forms	Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6]	Aspect and tense expression	Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑8]	Syncretic expression of several verb meanings	Person, number, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑17]
[I‑9]	Marking of person in present tense verbs	In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]

Deictic categories

[J‑1]	Pronominal words	Pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives [J‑1‑11]
[J‑2]	Expression of deictic categories	Demonstrative pronouns [J‑2‑1]
[J‑4]	Content words expressing spatial orientation of action	Pronouns and adverbs [J‑4‑6]
[J‑5]	Morphological expression of (in)definiteness	Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑6]	Words expressing (in)definiteness	Numerals and pronouns [J‑6‑16]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1]	Personal pronouns inflection	Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2]	Article types	No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑8]	Verb agreement types	Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑12]	Agreement categories expressed in adjective	Gender [K‑12‑5]
[K‑13]	Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective	Absent [K‑13‑1]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑16]	Inflectional categories of noun	Case [K‑16‑2]
[K‑19]	Word form model	Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1]	Word formation means	Derivation [L‑1‑6]
[L‑2]	Derivation affixes	Suffixes [L‑2‑2]

Simple sentence

[M‑1]

Morphosyntactic alignment

Accusative with elements of ergativity [M‑1‑7]

Complex sentence