Ubykh language †

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Ubyx

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Volume 9. Caucasian languages
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Genealogy

Caucasian → Northwest Caucasian → Ubykh

Geography

Main country: Russian Federation (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Kartvelian and North Caucasian languages

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Glottolog: ubyk1235
ISO-639-3: uby

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1]	Number of degrees of vowel height	Two [A‑1‑1]
[A‑2]	Vowel height degrees	Close and open [A‑2‑1]
[A‑4]	Number of length degrees	No length degrees [A‑4‑1]
[A‑5]	Vowel opposition in labialization	No vowel opposition in labialization [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6]	Vowel opposition in nasalization	No vowel opposition in nasalization [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7]	Vowel opposition in pharyngealization	No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8]	Vowel opposition in ATR	No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑8‑1]
[A‑9]	Diphthongs and triphthongs	No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑9‑1]
[A‑11]	Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features	Ejectives present [A‑11‑3]
[A‑12]	Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation	Plosives, fricatives and affricates [A‑12‑3]
[A‑13]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and postuvular [A‑13‑2]
[A‑14]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Only bilabial [A‑14‑1]
[A‑15]	Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation	Dental, alveolar and dental-alveolar [A‑15‑22]
[A‑16]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar and labiovelar [A‑16‑4]
[A‑17]	Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation	Both pharyngeal and glottal [A‑17‑3]
[A‑18]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	By labialization, palatalization and pharyngealization [A‑18‑8]
[A‑20]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Labial, coronal and dorsal [A‑20‑14]
[A‑21]	Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants	By pharyngealization [A‑21‑6]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1]	Stress character	Non-phonological [B‑1‑3]
[B‑3]	Stress carrier	Syllable [B‑3‑1]
[B‑10]	Target of vowel harmony	No vowel harmony [B‑10‑9]

Syllable

[C‑1]	Syllable onset	Most syllables have a non-null onset [C‑1‑3]
[C‑2]	Syllable coda	Most syllables have a null coda [C‑2‑4]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

No filled features for this language.

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Agglutinative [E‑1‑1]
[E‑4]	Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion	Synthetic [E‑4‑5]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1]

Number of agreement classes

No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2]	Single number marking	Unmarked [G‑2‑2]

Case meanings

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑5]	Other means of expressing possessive relations	Possessive affixes [H‑5‑3]

Verbal categories

[I‑5]	Tense forms	Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑7]	Expression of tense categories	Affixes [I‑7‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑5]	Morphological expression of (in)definiteness	Noun affixes [J‑5‑2]
[J‑8]	Expression of negation	Negative affixes [J‑8‑1]
[J‑9]	Negation marker position	Preposition and postposition [J‑9‑9]